var.  ἄγγιστρον

var. τυφλάγκιστρον

var. dim. ἀγκίστριον

lat. hamus, hamulus

Name of hook used for various applications, both in daily context, for fishing or for managing meat, and in technical context, for generic or specific (such as ophthalmologic) surgical operations. It could be sharp (ἄγκιστρον) for piercing and raising tissues, or blunt (τυφλάγκιστρον) for keeping two patches of wound together or separated.

1. Etymology and general linguistic commentary

The word could be a deverbative from *ἀγκίζω[1] with the suffix -τρον, typical of the neutral nouns of instruments.

The root *ank-, from which the noun seems to be a derivative, is very productive in i.e. and so in Greek, where several terms[2] can be found mostly belonging to the semantic fields of fishing may appear: ἀγκίστριον (‘small hook’), ἀγκιστρεύω (‘to angle’), ἀγκιστρόομαι (‘to be caught by a hook’), ἀγκιστρεία (‘angling’), ἀγκιστρευτικός (‘for angling’).

2. Abbreviations in the papyri

ἄγκιστρ(ον) P.Alex. 31, 7

1. P.Aberd. 11v, rr. 9-14  (II CE)

 χειρ[ουργεία τοῦ πτερυγείου.] | μετὰ τὸν καθέδρειο̣[ν ὄντα τὸν πάϲχοντα, ἐκ] |τοῦ ὀφθαλμοῦ διφ[υῆ βλέφαρα διαϲτείλαντεϲ] | τὸ πτερύγειον δι̣[εκφανοῦμεν ἀγκι]|ϲτρείοι, βελόνην̣ [δὲ λίνον καὶ τρίχα ἱππείαν | ἔ̣χο̣υ̣ϲ̣α̣[ν

 Chirurgie du ptérygion. Après avoir fait asseoire patient, quand nous aurons écarté de l’oeil les deux paupières, nous mettrons le ptérygion à découvert au moyen d’un petit crochet, et, d’une aiguille garnie d’un fil et d’un crin de cheval (Marganne 1994: 106)

2. P.Ross.Georg. I 20, rr. 110-115  (II CE)

χ[ειρουργεία τοῦ] | [πτερυγείου.] | διαϲτείλα̣[ντεϲ τὰ βλέφαρα, τὸ] | πτερύγει[ον ἀγκίϲτρωι ἐκ τοῦ] |ὀφθαλμοῦ [ἀναδεξάμενοι] |διεκφ̣αν̣[οῦμεν.]

Chirurgie du ptérygion. Après avoir écarté les paupières et soulevé le ptérygion hors de l’oeil au moyen d’un crochet, nous le mettrons à dècouvert (Marganne 1994: 121)

3. P.Alex. in.v 614 = P.PisaLit. 6, 4-6 (100-299 CE)

] κ̣αὶ̣̣ ̣ἐκ̣λαβόντες ἀ[κγίστρῳ ἀμ]|[φότερ]α τὰ πέρατα ἀποσφ[ίγγομεν καὶ]| [διὰ τ]ὴν μεσότητα διακόπ̣[τομεν]

…and taking both ends with a hook, we compress and cut in the middle.

4. Orib. Coll. med. 45.6.6 [CMG 6.2.1, 164.34-35 – 165.1-2 Raeder] (IV-V cent. CE)

δεῖ δὲ μετὰ τὴν διαίρεσιν τὰ χείλη τῆς τομῆς τυφλαγκίστροις μεγαλοκαμπέσι παραστέλλειν καὶ τὸν πῶρον κομίζεσθαι τῇ τοῦ σμιλίου λαβῇ ἢ ἀναβολέως ἢ λιθούλκου καμπῇ, καὶ τότε τὸ βάθος τετυλωμένον αἱμάσσειν.

Après l’incision, on écartera les lèvres de la plaie avec des crochets mousses à grande courbure, et on enlèvera le tofus, soit avec le manche du scalpel, soit avec la corbure de l’instrument construit à cet effet, ou du tire-calcul, et, après cela, on rafraîchira le fond calleux de la plaie (Daremberg 1851-1876: IV 12)

5. Orib. Coll. med. 45.18.13 [CMG 6.2.1, 173.12-18 Raeder]

οὐχ εὑρόντες δέ, τὰ χείλη τῆς ἐν τῷ δέρματι διαιρέσεως δύο καμπαῖς ἐπάκμων ἀγκίστρων λαβόντες παραδόντες τε ὑπηρέταις διακρατεῖν ταῦτα, αὐτοὶ καθήσομεν τρίτον ὀξυκαμπὲς εἰς τὴν τῶν ὑμένων διάστασιν διακόψομέν τε αὐτοὺς ἐντείνοντες μέχρι τῆς ἐντεύξεως τοῦ κιρσοῦ, καὶ οὕτως ἀναβαλοῦμεν αὐτὸν ἢ ἑνὶ ἢ δύο τυφλαγκίστροις κατὰ τὰ πρόσθεν δεδηλωμένα.

Si la varice nous échappe, nous saisirons les lèvres de la peau avec deux crochets aigus recourbés, que nous confierons à des aides; nous introduirons nous-même un troisième crochet à angle aigu dans l’espace qui sépare les membranes, et nous les diviserons en les tendant, jusqu’à ce que nous arrivions à la varice; alors nous la soulèverons soit avec un, soit avec deux crochets mousses, comme nous avons dit plus haut (Daremberg 1851-1876: IV 35)

6. Orib. Coll. med. 46.15.5 [CMG 6.2.1, 223.32-37 Raeder]

κοινότερον δ’ ἐπὶ πάσης ἀνατρήσεως, ἐὰν μὲν ᾖ ἀπόλυτα τοῦ κατάγματος ὀστάρια, αὐτόθεν κομιζέσθω· ἐὰν δὲ συνέχηται πρὸς τὴν μήνιγγα, πρότερον καθ’ ὑποδορὰν μήλης πλάτειῃ τυφλαγκίστρῳ ὑποδερέσθω τὸ ὀστάριον, ἵνα χωρισθῇ τῆς μήνιγγος. δυσχεροῦς δ’ οὔσης τῆς ὑποδορᾶς, ἐὰν μηδὲν ἀδικῇ τὴν μήνιγγα, οὕτως ἐάσθω, ἕως οὗ τῇ πυώσει ἀπόλυτον γένηται.

Pour le dire plus en général, dans toute perforation du crâne, enlevez immédiatement les esquilles détachées; mais, se elles sont adhérentes à la membrane du cerveau, isolez d’abord l’esquille, par une espèce de dissection, avec le plat de la sonde ou avec le crochet mousse, afin qu’elle se détache de cette membrane. Comme cette séparation est difficile, on doit, si l’esquille ne cause aucun dommage à la membrane du cerveau, l’abandonner à elle-même jusqu’à ce qu’elle se détache par l’effet de la suppuration (Daremberg 1851-1876: IV)

7. Orib. Coll. med. 47.17.4-5 [CMG 6.2.1, 259.33-36 – 260.1-3 Raeder]

ὅταν δὲ μηδὲ οὕτως ὑπακούῃ, ἐπὶ τὴν τοῦ κρίκου διακοπὴν ἔρχεσθαι δεῖ, διαρινήσει χρωμένους μαχαιροειδεῖ ῥίνῃ, ἢ ἐκκόπτειν σμιλιωτῷ ἐκκοπεῖ. πρὸς δ’ ἑκατέραν ἐνέργειαν ὑποβαλλέτω τῷ κρίκῳ τοῦ δακτυλιδίου δορίδιον τυφλαγκίστρου ἢ πλατὺ μήλης, καὶ διακοπέντος τοῦ κρίκου λίνα ἢ σπαρτία περιτίθεται τῷ δακτυλιδίῳ, δι’ ὧν ἑλκόμενος ὁ κρίκος ἐξαπλοῦται· ἢ ἑκατέρωθεν τῆς σφενδόνης διακόπτεται, ἵνα μερισθὲν τὸ δακτυλίδιον εὐχερῶς κομισθῇ.

Si l’anneau résiste même à cette tentative, il faut en venir à la section de l’anneau; à cet effet on le limera avec une lime en forme de couteau, on bien on le cassera avec un scalpel à excision ressemblant à un scalpel ordinaire. Mais, qu’on ait recours à l’une ou à l’autre de ces deux opérations, on placera, dans les deux cas, au-dessous du cercle même de l’anneau, le fer de lance d’un crochet mousse ou d’une sonde large. Après avoir divisé l’anneau, on l’entoure de fils en lin, ou en spart, à l’aide desquels on rirera sur lui pour le déployer; ou encore on divise l’anneau des deux côtés du chaton, afin qu’il puisse être facilement enlevé, étant couté par morceaux (Daremberg 1851-1876: IV 252)

8. Orib. Coll. med. 50.47.4 [CMG 6.2.2, 65.8-12 Raeder]

τά τε ἀγγεῖα, ὁπόσα ἐν τοῖς δαρτοῖς εὔρωστα εὑρεθείη, πάντα διασφίγξαντες πρὸς τὸ μ canthus si generano e il canthul'nera un attaccamento, invece con il taglio netto alla base del canthus si generano e il canthuὴ αἱμορραγεῖν μετὰ τὴν χειρουργίαν μηδ’ ἐνθρομβώσεως αἴτια γίνεσθαι [τὰ μειζονα μὲν ἀποβροχίσαντες], τὰ δὲ μικρότερα καταπείραντες εἰς αὐτὰ ἄγκιστρα καὶ περιστρέψαντες πολλάκις καὶ ἀποτυφλώσαντες αὐτὰ διὰ τῆς περιστροφῆς, ἐπὶ τὴν ⟨τοῦ⟩ περιτοναίου διάκρισιν ἐλευσόμεθα canthus si generano e il canthul'nera un attaccamento, invece con il taglio netto alla base del canthus si generano e il canthu.

Nous en viendrons à l’isolement du péritoine, àpres avoir obstrué tous les vaisseaux considérables qui se rencontreront dans le dartos, pour empêcher que ces vaisseaux ne donnent lieu à un écoulement de sang après l’opération, et ne deviennent la cause d’une obstruction de la plaie par des caillots, liant les plus volumineux, fixant dans les plus petits des crochets pour les tordre à plusieurs reprises, et les oblitérer à l’aide de cette torsion (Daremberg 1851-1876: IV 485-486)

9. Orib. Coll. med. 50.48.6 [CMG 6.2.2, 66.31-39 Raeder]

μετὰ τοῦτό τε καταπείραντες εἰς τὰ χείλη τοῦ περιτοναίου δύο τυφλάγκιστρα καὶ ἀνατείνειν ὑπηρέταις παραδόντες αὐτοὶ τὸ ἔντερον ἀπηλλαγμένον ἤδη τοῦ περιτοναίου, συναποφέροντες αὐτῷ τὸ καταλειφθὲν ἐκ τῆς προσφύσεως, ἀπώσομεν διὰ τοῦ λιχανοῦ, ἔτι <τε> ἐγκειμένης τῆς κορυφῆς τοῦ δακτύλου, περιστρέφειν διὰ τῶν ἀγκίστρων τὸ περιτόναιον ἀρξόμεθα, ἔπειτα ὑποσπάσαντες τὸν δάκτυλον ἐπὶ πλέον τε περιστρέψαντες τὸν ὑμένα κατὰ τὸ εἰρημένον μέρος ἀποκόψομεν.

Alors nous fixerons, dans les bords de l’incision du péritoine, deux crochets mousses que nous confierons à des aides pour élever les lambeaux; nous-mêmes nous refoulerons, à l’aide du doigt indicateur, l’intestin détaché désormais du péritoine, en entraînant avec lui les restes de son adhérence avec cette membrane, et, pendant que le sommet du doigt est encore placé dans la plaie, nous commencerons à tordre le péritoine avec les crochets; ensuite nous retirerons le doigt, nous tordrons encore plus fortement le péritoine, et nous reséquerons cette membrane dans l’endroit indiqué (Daremberg 1851-1876: IV 489-490)

10. Paul.Aeg. 6.18.1 [CMG 9.2, 58.20-29 – 59.1-2 Heiberg] (VII cent. CE)

εὐιατότερα οὖν ὄντα τὰ λεπτομερῆ καὶ λευκανθίζοντα χειρουργοῦμεν οὕτως· διαστείλαντες τὰ βλέφαρα τὸ πτερύγιον ἀγκίστρῳ μικροκαμπεῖ ἀναδεξάμενοι ἀνατείνωμεν, βελόνην δὲ λαβόντες ἔχουσαν κατὰ τὸ οὖς ἱππείαν τρίχα καὶ λίνον ἰσχυρὸν ἐπικαμφθεῖσάν τε μικρὸν κατὰ τὸ ἄκρον ὑπὸ τὸ μέσον τοῦ πτερυγίου καταπείρωμεν καὶ τῷ μὲν λίνῳ τὸ πτερύγιον ἐκδήσαντες μετέωρον ἀνατείνωμεν, τῇ δὲ τριχὶ τὸ πρὸς τῇ κόρῃ μέρος αὐτοῦ ὥσπερ διαπρίζοντες ὑποδείρωμεν ἄχρι πέρατος, τὸ δὲ λοιπὸν αὐτοῦ τὸ πρὸς τῷ μεγάλῳ κανθῷ ἀναρραφικῷ σμιλίῳ ἐκτέμωμεν ἐκ βάσεως καταλιμπάνοντες τὸ φυσικὸν τοῦ κανθοῦ σαρκίον, ἵνα μὴ ῥυὰς ἐπαρθέντος αὐτοῦ γένηται. τινὲς δὲ τῷ λίνῳ ἀνατείναντες, ὡς εἴρηται, πτερυγοτόμῳ τὸ ὅλον ἀποδέρουσι πτερύγιον φυλαττόμενοι τοῦ κερατοειδοῦς ἅψασθαι χιτῶνος.

Those therefore which are thin and of a white colour being easiest to cure, we operate upon in this manner: having separated the eyelids, and seized upon the pterygia with a hook-like instrument, having a small curvature, we stretch it, and taking a needle having a horse-hair and a strong flaxen thread in its ear (eye?), and a little bent at the extremity, we transfix it through the middle of the pterygium, and with the thread we bind the pterygium and raise it upwards, while with the hair we separate and saw as it were the part at the pupil away unto its extremity; but the remainder of it at the great canthus we cut off from the base with the scalpel used for the operation by suture, but leaving the natural flesh of the canthus, lest there be a running of the eye when it is taken away. Some stretching as aforesaid with a thread, dissect away the whole pterygium with the instrument called pterygotomos, taking care not to touch the cornea. (Adams 1846: 275-276).

11. Paul.Aeg. 6.30.2 [CMG 9.2, 67.13-18 Heiberg]

καθίσαντες τοίνυν τὸν ἄνθρωπον πρὸς αὐγὴν ἡλίου καὶ χαίνεν κελεύσαντες ὑπηρέτου διακρατοῦντος τὴν κεφαλὴν ἑτέρου τε τῷ γλωσσοκατόχῳ τὴν γλῶσσαν πρὸς τὴν κάτω πιεζοῦντος γένυν αὐτοὶ λαβόντες ἄγκιστρον καταπείρομεν εἰς τὴν ἀντιάδα καὶ ἐξέλκομεν αὐτήν, ἐφ᾿ ὅσον δυνάμεθα χωρὶς τοῦ συνεφελκύσαι τοὺς ὑμένας· ἔπειτα τέμνωμεν αὐτὴν ὄλην ἐκ βάσεως τῷ κατὰ χεῖρα ἀγκυλοτόμῳ

Wherefore, seating the person in the light of the sun, and directing him to open his mouth, while one assistant holds his head, and another presses down the tongue to the lower jaw with a tongue spatula, we take a hook and perforate the tonsil with it, and drag it outwards as much as we can without drawing its membranes along with it; and then we cut it out by the root with the scalpel suited to that hand, called ancylotomus (Adams 1846: 297)

12. Paul.Aeg. 6.42.1 [CMG 9.2, 83.16-22 Heiberg]

δεῖ τοίνυν ἢ ὑπτίου ἢ ἐπὶ τὸ ὑγιὲς πλευρὸν ἀνακλιθέντος τοῦ κάμνοντος τὸ ἐνδοτέρω τῆς μασχάλης δέρμα, καθ’ ὃ μάλιστα τὸ ἄρθρον ἐκπίπτει, τοῖς δυσὶ δακτύλοις τῆς χειρὸς τῆς ἀριστερᾶς ἢ ἀγκίστροις ἀνατείναντα λεπτοῖς καὶ ἐπιμήκεσι πεπυρακτωμένοις καυτηρίοις διακαῦσαι, ἄχρις οὗ τὸ καυτήριον ἀντιπεράσῃ, ὥστε κατὰ τὴν μίαν ἐπιβολὴν δύο ἐσχάρας γενέσθαι·

Wherefore, the patient being laid on his back, or on the sound side, the skin at the inner part of the armpit, where the dislocation mostly takes place, is to be stretched between two fingers of the left hand, or with hooks, and burnt with heated cauteries, of a slender and oblong shape, until the cautery, being pushed through to the other side, occasion the formation of two eschars at one application (Adams 1846: 328)

13. Paul.Aeg. 6.62.4 [CMG 9.2, 104.24-25 – 105.1-10 Heiberg]

εἰ δὲ καῦσιν μᾶλλον ἐπὶ τῶν ὑδροκηλικῶν, ὡς τοῖς νεωτέροις δοκεῖ, παραλαμβάνοιμεν, πάντα τὰ πρὸ τῆς χειρουργίας καὶ μετὰ τὴν χειρουργίαν εἰρημένα πρακτέον, καὶ τὰ ἐν αὐτῇ δὲ τῇ χειρουργίᾳ χωρὶς μόνον τοῦ σιδήρῳ τέμνειν καὶ τῆς καθ’ ὑπόρρυσιν διαιρέσεως. πυρώσαντες τοίνυν δέκα ἢ δώδεκα τῶν γαμμοειδῶν καυτήρων καὶ μαχαιρωτοὺς δύο πρῶτον μὲν τὸν ὄσχεον τοῖς γαμμοειδέσι κατὰ μέσον διακαύσομεν, κοπαρίῳ δὲ ἢ τυφλαγκίστρῳ τοὺς ὑμένας διαδέροντες τῷ μαχαιρωτῷ τούτους καυτῆρι ὥσπερ διατέμνοντες καύσωμεν, γυμνωθέντα δὲ τὸν ἐλυτροειδῆ χιτῶνα (λευκὸς δὲ καὶ στεγανὸς ὢν ῥᾷστα γινώσκεται) τῷ ἄκρῳ τοῦ γαμμοειδοῦς διακαύσαντες τὸ ὑγρὸν ἐκκρίνωμεν καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα τὸ γυμνωθὲν αὐτοῦ πᾶν ἀγκίστροις ἀνατείναντες τῷ μαχαιρωτῷ καυτῆρι περιέλωμεν.

But if we would rather have recourse to the cautery in cases of hydrocele (as is the practice of the moderns), we must follow all the directions given as to what is to be done before and after the operation, and also those given with regard to the operation itself, omitting only the incision with a scalpel, and the division for allowing the discharge of its contents. Wherefore having heated ten or twelve cauteries, shaped like the Greek letter Γ, and two sword-shaped ones, we must first burn the scrotum through the middle with the gamma-shaped, and having dissected away the membranes with a scalpel or blunt hook, we must burn with the sword-shaped as if cutting. Having laid bare the tunica vaginalis (which is easily recognized by its whiteness and density) with the extremity of a gamma-shaped cautery, we evacuate the fluid. Afterwards, when the whole is laid bare, we stretch it with hooks and remove it with a sword-shaped cautery (Adams 1846: 367) 

ἄγκιστρον and its medical sources

Although the term ἄγκιστρον was not used in the Corpus Hippocraticum, his wide presence in the instrumentaria was found in archaeological sites[1] and in the late medical literature testifies that it was one of the most used instrument among ancient physicians.

The sharp hook could be applied in cases when it was necessary to pierce a portion of skin or tissue, as in the case of tonsillectomy [11], or the eradication of an ocular pterygium, a disease that arises when a thin membrane grows over the eye from the inner corner [1, 2, 10] or in surgery of other ophtalmologic diseases [3]. Moreover, it was used to stop an hemorrhage [8], alone or with the aid of other instruments as the cautery [12] after a surgery or a dislocation.

The sharp type, ἄγκιστρον, could be used also together with the second kind of instrument, the blunt one, called τυφλάγκιστρον, as in the case of a surgery for a varicocele [5].

This second variety of hook, as the name suggests, does not cut or pierce or incise tissues, but was helpful to lift up the skin or open wide two sides of a wound. It could also be used as an alternative of a flat spatula; its peculiarity lies in his non-sharp edge, as Oribasius pointed out: τὸ ἄγκιστρον ἔστω δὲ κατὰ τοῦτο μὴ ἔπακμον, ἀλλ’ ὡς οἱ χειρουργοὶ καλοῦσι, τυφλάγκιστρον (Coll. med. 45.18.8 [CMG 6.2.1, 172.33-34 Raeder]), so today, in some of his utilizations, it can be parallel to the modern surgical retractor.

In the past it was also used for very simple interventions, in place of a flat instrument like a spatula to remove a stuck ring [7], or in more serious surgical operations, such as the removal of portions of skull bone [6], of a πῶρος (an hardening, like a stone, in the skull) [4] or a dissection of tissue in case of hydrocele [13]. In the proper use of a retractor, the τυφλάγκιστρον  could be applied in deep surgical sites, as in the lower viscera [9].

 ἄγκιστρον word and object

The strong presence of ἄγκιστρα in the ancient instrumentaria found in archaeological sites reveals how this instrument was very common in the everyday profession of a physician, due to its practicality and ductility.

Despite the various typologies it can assume, the basic shape of an ἄγκιστρον, is quite regular: the object was formed by an handle, a stem and a curved edge, made of bronze or metal alloy, sometimes with a silver upholstery, with a length of approximately 12-16 cm. The decorations that can be found on the handle and the stem may not have an aestethic meaning only, but also a functional purpose, because they increase the grip while grabbing the instrument.

Based on the characteristics that a single piece may have, different descriptions can be found in literature: an ἄγκιστρον could be μικρόν, ‘small’ (Gal. De anat. admin. 7.178 [2.681.10 K.]), λεπτόν, ‘thin’ (Gal. De comp. med. sec. loc. 409 [12.659.5 K.], Apollonius), ὀξυκαμπές, ‘sharply curved’ (Orib. Coll. med. 45.18.13, see [5]), μικροκαμπές, ‘with a small bend’ (Orib. Coll. med. 45.18.5 e Paul.Aeg. 6.18.1, see [10]), εὔτονον, ‘well-strung’ (Orib. Coll. med. 45.7.3), διάτρητον, ‘bored through’ (hapax, Gal. De anat. admin. 7.173 [2.668.19 K.].

Sometimes, both sides culminate with an instrument, such as another hook, or a spatula, or a probe, and in these cases the stem works also as the handle.

Speaking of the blunt hook, also in this case there could be differet kinds of τυφλάγκιστρον, whose characteristics change according to the type of medical operation or surgery that it was used for: it may be τ. μεγαλοκαμπές, ‘with a large curve’[2] [4], or δορίδιον, ‘plank’[3] [7] (with two adjectives that seem to be hapax). It is possible that also Celsus refers to these shapes  of hamus in different passages[4].

Below, some pictures of hooks are presented, with relative references.

Set of hooks from the British Museum, (13-14-15 = GR 1968 6-26, nn. 21-22-23; 16 = GR 1986 6-26, n. 13), see Jackson 1986: 125, fig. 2.

Four hooks from Bingen, see Como 1925: 158-159, fig. 3, nn. 15-18.

From graves of Nea Paphos, see Michaelides 1984: 318, n. 21.

From Cologne, Künzl 1983: 89-90, fig.68.5.

Set of hooks of the surgeon Hygeinos Kanpilios, from Ephesus, now at Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum, Mainz, Künzl  1996: 2597, fig. XI, nn. 6-9.

From Aschersleben, fig. 38, Bliquez 2015: 405

From Colophon, now at John Hopkins Archaeological Museum (Inv. Buckler 25), Bliquez 2015: 406, fig. 39

P.Aberd. 11

Editions: WINSTEDT 1907: 226; OLDFATHER 1923: 22 n. 359; KÖRTE 1941: 145, n. 1017; ANDORLINI 1993: 511, n. 94; GHIRETTI 2010: 173-175.

P.Ross.Georg. I 20

Editions: BÄCKSTRÖM  1909: 449-481; ZERETELI /KRUEGER  1925: 137-145; MARGANNE  1994: 112-132;

Studies: KAPPUS  1912: 266-267; KIND  1919: 68-69; OLIVIERI  1928: 235-249; MARGANNE  1978: 313-320; ANDORLINI  1993: 511, n. 95; GHIRETTI  2010: 176-181.

P.Alex. inv. 614 = P.PisaLit. 6

Editions: SWIDEREK 1964: 18; MANETTI 1973; ANDORLINI 1999.

General Bibliography 

Adams, F. (1846), The Seven Books of Paulus Ægineta, translated from the Greek with a Commentary embracing a complete view of the Knowledge possessed by the Greeks, Romans and Arabics on all subjects connected with Medicine and Surgey, by Francis Adams, in three volumes, London.

Andorlini, I. (1993), L’apporto dei papiri alla conoscenza della scienza medica antica, A.N.R.W. II 37.1 Berlin-New York, 458-562.

Andorlini, I. (1999), Testi medici per la scuola: raccolte di definizioni e questionari nei papiri, in I testi medici greci: tradizione e ecdotica, Atti del III Convegno Internazionale, Napoli 1997, eds. A. Garzya, J. Jouanna, Napoli, 7-15.

Bäckström, A. (1909), Medizinische Papyri aus der Sammlung Goleniščev, «Zurnal Ministerstva Narodnago Prosveščenija» 24, 449-481.

Beekes, R., EDG, Etymological Dictionary of Greek, I-II, Leiden-Boston, 2010.

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P.Aberd. 11v

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P.Alex. in.v 614 = P.PisaLit. 6

Francesca Bertonazzi