{"tema_id":"191","string":"\u1f04\u03b3\u03ba\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd","created":"2017-02-23 11:46:19","code":null,"notes":[{"@type":"variants","@lang":"en","@value":"var. \u00a0\u1f04\u03b3\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\nvar. \u03c4\u03c5\u03c6\u03bb\u03ac\u03b3\u03ba\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\nvar. dim. \u1f00\u03b3\u03ba\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd\nlat. hamus, hamulus"},{"@type":"GENERAL DEFINITION","@lang":"en","@value":"Name of hook used for various applications, both in daily context, for fishing or for managing meat, and in technical context, for generic or specific (such as ophthalmologic) surgical operations. It could be sharp (\u1f04\u03b3\u03ba\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd) for piercing and raising tissues, or blunt (\u03c4\u03c5\u03c6\u03bb\u03ac\u03b3\u03ba\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd) for keeping two patches of wound together or separated."},{"@type":"A. LANGUAGE BETWEEN TEXT AND CONTEXT","@lang":"en","@value":"1. Etymology and general linguistic commentary\n\u00a0\nThe word could be a deverbative from *\u1f00\u03b3\u03ba\u03af\u03b6\u03c9[1] with the suffix -\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd, typical of the neutral nouns of instruments.\nThe root *ank-, from which the noun seems to be a derivative, is very productive in i.e. and so in Greek, where several terms[2] can be found mostly belonging to the semantic fields of fishing may appear: \u1f00\u03b3\u03ba\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd (\u2018small hook\u2019), \u1f00\u03b3\u03ba\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03c9 (\u2018to angle\u2019), \u1f00\u03b3\u03ba\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 (\u2018to be caught by a hook\u2019), \u1f00\u03b3\u03ba\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 (\u2018angling\u2019), \u1f00\u03b3\u03ba\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 (\u2018for angling\u2019).\n\u00a0\n\u00a0\n2. Abbreviations in the papyri\n\u1f04\u03b3\u03ba\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1(\u03bf\u03bd) P.Alex. 31, 7\n\n\n[1] As CHANTRAINE 1933: 333 underlines, the verb is not attested: \u201c[d]es verbes en -\u03af\u03b6\u03c9, -\u03ac\u03b6\u03c9 ont \u00e9t\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement tir\u00e9s des d\u00e9riv\u00e9s en -\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd -\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd: \u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd de \u03ba\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b6\u03c9; \u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd de \u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03b6\u03c9; pour \u1f04\u03b3\u03ba\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd, il n\u2019existe pas de verbe in \u2013\u03af\u03b6\u03c9 correspondant, non plus que pour \u03b6\u03cd\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd un verbe en -\u03ac\u03b6\u03c9\u201d; SPECHT (1944: 142): \u201c\u1f04\u03b3\u03ba\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd. Das Beispiel ist aber sehr unsicher, da ein *\u1f00\u03b3\u03ba\u03af\u03b6\u03c9 vorgeschwebt haben kann\u201d\n\n\n[2] Other nouns derivated from the same root are, e.g., \u1f04\u03b3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2 \u2018bend, hollow; mountain glen\u2019, and some deverbative with liquid consonant (\u1f00\u03b3\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03b7 \u2018bent arm\u2019, \u1f00\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 \u2018to embrace\u2019) or in vibrant consonant (\u1f04\u03b3\u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03b1 \u2018anchor\u2019, \u1f00\u03b3\u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03c9 [in wrestling] \u2018to hook with the leg\u2019), terms in -\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2\/-\u03c5\u03bb\u03b7 (\u1f00\u03b3\u03ba\u03cd\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u2018curved\u2019, \u1f00\u03b3\u03ba\u03cd\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9 \u2018to bend back\u2019) and in nasal (\u1f00\u03b3\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u2018bend of the arm, elbow\u2019). See BEEKES 12, s.v. \u1f00\u03b3\u03ba\u03cd\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2; BOISACQ 7 s.v. \u1f00\u03b3\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd; CHANTRAINE 10-11 s.v. \u1f00\u03b3\u03ba-; FRISK 10-11 s.v. \u1f00\u03b3\u03ba-.\n\n"},{"@type":"B.  TESTIMONIA - A selection of representative sources","@lang":"en","@value":"1. P.Aberd. 11v, rr. 9-14\u00a0 (II CE)\n\u00a0\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1[\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03c5\u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03bf\u03c5.] | \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u0323[\u03bd \u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03f2\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1, \u1f10\u03ba] |\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f40\u03c6\u03b8\u03b1\u03bb\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b4\u03b9\u03c6[\u03c5\u1fc6 \u03b2\u03bb\u03ad\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03f2\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03f2] | \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c0\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03cd\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u0323[\u03b5\u03ba\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u1f00\u03b3\u03ba\u03b9]|\u03f2\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03bf\u03b9, \u03b2\u03b5\u03bb\u03cc\u03bd\u03b7\u03bd\u0323 [\u03b4\u1f72 \u03bb\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03c7\u03b1 \u1f31\u03c0\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03bd | \u1f14\u0323\u03c7\u03bf\u0323\u03c5\u0323\u03f2\u0323\u03b1\u0323[\u03bd\n\u00a0Chirurgie du pt\u00e9rygion. Apr\u00e8s avoir fait asseoire patient, quand nous aurons \u00e9cart\u00e9 de l\u2019oeil les deux paupi\u00e8res, nous mettrons le pt\u00e9rygion \u00e0 d\u00e9couvert au moyen d\u2019un petit crochet, et, d\u2019une aiguille garnie d\u2019un fil et d\u2019un crin de cheval (Marganne 1994: 106)\n\u00a0\n2. P.Ross.Georg. I 20, rr. 110-115 \u00a0(II CE)\n\u03c7[\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6] | [\u03c0\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03c5\u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03bf\u03c5.] | \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03f2\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03b1\u0323[\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03f2 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03b2\u03bb\u03ad\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1, \u03c4\u1f78] | \u03c0\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03cd\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9[\u03bf\u03bd \u1f00\u03b3\u03ba\u03af\u03f2\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03b9 \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6] |\u1f40\u03c6\u03b8\u03b1\u03bb\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6 [\u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03b5\u03be\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9] |\u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03ba\u03c6\u0323\u03b1\u03bd\u0323[\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd.]\nChirurgie du\u00a0pt\u00e9rygion.\u00a0Apr\u00e8s avoir \u00e9cart\u00e9 les paupi\u00e8res\u00a0et soulev\u00e9 le pt\u00e9rygion hors de\u00a0l\u2019oeil au moyen d\u2019un crochet,\u00a0nous le mettrons \u00e0 d\u00e8couvert (Marganne 1994: 121)\n\u00a0\n3. P.Alex. in.v 614 = P.PisaLit. 6, 4-6 (100-299 CE)\n] \u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u1f76\u0323\u0323 \u0323\u1f10\u03ba\u0323\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u1f00[\u03ba\u03b3\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u0345 \u1f00\u03bc]|[\u03c6\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1]\u03b1 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c6[\u03af\u03b3\u03b3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76]| [\u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c4]\u1f74\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03c0\u0323[\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd]\n\u2026and taking both ends with a hook, we compress and cut in the middle.\n\u00a0\n4. Orib. Coll. med. 45.6.6 [CMG 6.2.1, 164.34-35 \u2013 165.1-2 Raeder] (IV-V cent. CE) \n\u03b4\u03b5\u1fd6 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03af\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c5\u03c6\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03ad\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c0\u1ff6\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03bb\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u1fc7 \u1f22 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f22 \u03bb\u03b9\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u00a0\u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u1fc7, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b2\u03ac\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03c5\u03bb\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u1f31\u03bc\u03ac\u03c3\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd.\nApr\u00e8s l\u2019incision, on \u00e9cartera les l\u00e8vres de la plaie avec des crochets mousses \u00e0 grande courbure, et on enl\u00e8vera le tofus, soit avec le manche du scalpel, soit avec la corbure de l\u2019instrument construit \u00e0 cet effet, ou du tire-calcul, et, apr\u00e8s cela, on rafra\u00eechira le fond calleux de la plaie (Daremberg 1851-1876: IV 12)\n\u00a0\n5. Orib. Coll. med. 45.18.13 [CMG 6.2.1, 173.12-18 Raeder]\n\u03bf\u1f50\u03c7 \u03b5\u1f51\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03ad, \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03b4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03b1\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c0\u03ac\u03ba\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd \u1f00\u03b3\u03ba\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5 \u1f51\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1\u1fe6\u03c4\u03b1, \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u1f40\u03be\u03c5\u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u1f72\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f51\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03c8\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c7\u03c1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03be\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03b9\u03c1\u03c3\u03bf\u1fe6, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bf\u1f55\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f22 \u1f11\u03bd\u1f76 \u1f22 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03c4\u03c5\u03c6\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1.\nSi la varice nous \u00e9chappe, nous saisirons les l\u00e8vres de la peau avec deux crochets aigus recourb\u00e9s, que nous confierons \u00e0 des aides; nous introduirons nous-m\u00eame un troisi\u00e8me crochet \u00e0 angle aigu dans l\u2019espace qui s\u00e9pare les membranes, et nous les diviserons en les tendant, jusqu\u2019\u00e0 ce que nous arrivions \u00e0 la varice; alors nous la soul\u00e8verons soit avec un, soit avec deux crochets mousses, comme nous avons dit plus haut (Daremberg 1851-1876: IV 35)\n\u00a0\n6. Orib. Coll. med. 46.15.5 [CMG 6.2.1, 223.32-37 Raeder] \n\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u03b4\u2019 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2, \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u1f96 \u1f00\u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03c5\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f40\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1, \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd \u03ba\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03b6\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u00b7 \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c7\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03bc\u03ae\u03bd\u03b9\u03b3\u03b3\u03b1, \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u2019 \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c1\u1f70\u03bd \u03bc\u03ae\u03bb\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03ac\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b7\u0345 \u03c4\u03c5\u03c6\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u1ff3 \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03c1\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f40\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd, \u1f35\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u1fc7 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ae\u03bd\u03b9\u03b3\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2. \u03b4\u03c5\u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c2 \u03b4\u2019 \u03bf\u1f54\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c1\u1fb6\u03c2, \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72\u03bd \u1f00\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u1fc7 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03bc\u03ae\u03bd\u03b9\u03b3\u03b3\u03b1, \u03bf\u1f55\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f10\u03ac\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9, \u1f15\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f57 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03c0\u03c5\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u1f00\u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9.\nPour le dire plus en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral, dans toute perforation du cr\u00e2ne, enlevez imm\u00e9diatement les esquilles d\u00e9tach\u00e9es; mais, se elles sont adh\u00e9rentes \u00e0 la membrane du cerveau, isolez d\u2019abord l\u2019esquille, par une esp\u00e8ce de dissection, avec le plat de la sonde ou avec le crochet mousse, afin qu\u2019elle se d\u00e9tache de cette membrane. Comme cette s\u00e9paration est difficile, on doit, si l\u2019esquille ne cause aucun dommage \u00e0 la membrane du cerveau, l\u2019abandonner \u00e0 elle-m\u00eame jusqu\u2019\u00e0 ce qu\u2019elle se d\u00e9tache par l\u2019effet de la suppuration (Daremberg 1851-1876: IV)\n\u00a0\n7. Orib. Coll. med. 47.17.4-5 [CMG 6.2.1, 259.33-36 \u2013 260.1-3 Raeder] \n\u1f45\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72 \u03bf\u1f55\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f51\u03c0\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u1fc3, \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u1f74\u03bd \u1f14\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u1fd6, \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c7\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c7\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u1fd6 \u1fe5\u03af\u03bd\u1fc3, \u1f22 \u1f10\u03ba\u03ba\u03cc\u03c0\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03bb\u03b9\u03c9\u03c4\u1ff7 \u1f10\u03ba\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6. \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03b4\u2019 \u1f11\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd\u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03b2\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ad\u03c4\u03c9 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03ba\u1ff3 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03b4\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03c5\u03c6\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f22 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u1f7a \u03bc\u03ae\u03bb\u03b7\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bb\u03af\u03bd\u03b1 \u1f22 \u03c3\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03b4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03b4\u03af\u1ff3, \u03b4\u03b9\u2019 \u1f67\u03bd \u1f11\u03bb\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f41 \u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f10\u03be\u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u00b7 \u1f22 \u1f11\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c6\u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03cc\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03c0\u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f35\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u1f72\u03bd \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03c5\u03bb\u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03b5\u1f50\u03c7\u03b5\u03c1\u1ff6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u1fc7.\nSi l\u2019anneau r\u00e9siste m\u00eame \u00e0 cette tentative, il faut en venir \u00e0 la section de l\u2019anneau; \u00e0 cet effet on le limera avec une lime en forme de couteau, on bien on le cassera avec un scalpel \u00e0 excision ressemblant \u00e0 un scalpel ordinaire. Mais, qu\u2019on ait recours \u00e0 l\u2019une ou \u00e0 l\u2019autre de ces deux op\u00e9rations, on placera, dans les deux cas, au-dessous du cercle m\u00eame de l\u2019anneau, le fer de lance d\u2019un crochet mousse ou d\u2019une sonde large. Apr\u00e8s avoir divis\u00e9 l\u2019anneau, on l\u2019entoure de fils en lin, ou en spart, \u00e0 l\u2019aide desquels on rirera sur lui pour le d\u00e9ployer; ou encore on divise l\u2019anneau des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s du chaton, afin qu\u2019il puisse \u00eatre facilement enlev\u00e9, \u00e9tant cout\u00e9 par morceaux (Daremberg 1851-1876: IV 252)\n\u00a0\n8. Orib. Coll. med. 50.47.4 [CMG 6.2.2, 65.8-12 Raeder]\n\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b5 \u1f00\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u1fd6\u03b1, \u1f41\u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03b1 \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f54\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u1f51\u03c1\u03b5\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03b7, \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03af\u03b3\u03be\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03bc canthus si generano e il canthul'nera un attaccamento, invece con il taglio netto alla base del canthus si generano e il canthu\u1f74 \u03b1\u1f31\u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u2019 \u1f10\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03b2\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f34\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b3\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 [\u03c4\u1f70 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b2\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u03af\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2], \u03c4\u1f70 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f70 \u1f04\u03b3\u03ba\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c8\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03ba\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03c5\u03c6\u03bb\u03ce\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f70 \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u1fc6\u03c2, \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u27e8\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u27e9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u1f10\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1 canthus si generano e il canthul'nera un attaccamento, invece con il taglio netto alla base del canthus si generano e il canthu.\nNous en viendrons \u00e0 l\u2019isolement du p\u00e9ritoine, \u00e0pres avoir obstru\u00e9 tous les vaisseaux consid\u00e9rables qui se rencontreront dans le dartos, pour emp\u00eacher que ces vaisseaux ne donnent lieu \u00e0 un \u00e9coulement de sang apr\u00e8s l\u2019op\u00e9ration, et ne deviennent la cause d\u2019une obstruction de la plaie par des caillots, liant les plus volumineux, fixant dans les plus petits des crochets pour les tordre \u00e0 plusieurs reprises, et les oblit\u00e9rer \u00e0 l\u2019aide de cette torsion (Daremberg 1851-1876: IV 485-486)\n\u00a0\n9. Orib. Coll. med. 50.48.6 [CMG 6.2.2, 66.31-39 Raeder] \n\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03c4\u03c5\u03c6\u03bb\u03ac\u03b3\u03ba\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f14\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u03b7\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u1f24\u03b4\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5, \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff7 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c6\u03b8\u1f72\u03bd \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c6\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2, \u1f00\u03c0\u03ce\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03bb\u03b9\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u1fe6, \u1f14\u03c4\u03b9  \u1f10\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bf\u03c1\u03c5\u03c6\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03cd\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5, \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f00\u03b3\u03ba\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03cc\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u1f00\u03c1\u03be\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1, \u1f14\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03b4\u03ac\u03ba\u03c4\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c0\u03bb\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c8\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f51\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03cc\u03c8\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd.\nAlors nous fixerons, dans les bords de l\u2019incision du p\u00e9ritoine, deux crochets mousses que nous confierons \u00e0 des aides pour \u00e9lever les lambeaux; nous-m\u00eames nous refoulerons, \u00e0 l\u2019aide du doigt indicateur, l\u2019intestin d\u00e9tach\u00e9 d\u00e9sormais du p\u00e9ritoine, en entra\u00eenant avec lui les restes de son adh\u00e9rence avec cette membrane, et, pendant que le sommet du doigt est encore plac\u00e9 dans la plaie, nous commencerons \u00e0 tordre le p\u00e9ritoine avec les crochets; ensuite nous retirerons le doigt, nous tordrons encore plus fortement le p\u00e9ritoine, et nous res\u00e9querons cette membrane dans l\u2019endroit indiqu\u00e9 (Daremberg 1851-1876: IV 489-490)\n\u00a0\n10. Paul.Aeg. 6.18.1 [CMG 9.2, 58.20-29 \u2013 59.1-2 Heiberg] (VII cent. CE) \n\u03b5\u1f50\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03bf\u1f56\u03bd \u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u1fc6 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u00a0\u03bf\u1f55\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2\u00b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03b2\u03bb\u03ad\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c0\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03cd\u03b3\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u1f00\u03b3\u03ba\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u1ff3 \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03b5\u03be\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd, \u03b2\u03b5\u03bb\u03cc\u03bd\u03b7\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03bf\u1f56\u03c2 \u1f31\u03c0\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03c7\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bb\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u1f30\u03c3\u03c7\u03c5\u03c1\u1f78\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03c6\u03b8\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c3\u03ac\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u1f78\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f04\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03c5\u03b3\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03bb\u03af\u03bd\u1ff3 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c0\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03cd\u03b3\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u1f10\u03ba\u03b4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c9\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd, \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03c7\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc7\u00a0\u03ba\u03cc\u03c1\u1fc3 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f65\u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c0\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u1f04\u03c7\u03c1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03c0\u1f78\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u1ff3 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u1ff7 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff7 \u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03bb\u03af\u1ff3 \u1f10\u03ba\u03c4\u03ad\u03bc\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u1f10\u03ba \u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03bc\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u1f78\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03af\u03bf\u03bd, \u1f35\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u1f74 \u1fe5\u03c5\u1f70\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9. \u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u1f72\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03bb\u03af\u03bd\u1ff3 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2, \u1f61\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f34\u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u03c0\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03c5\u03b3\u03bf\u03c4\u03cc\u03bc\u1ff3 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f45\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03cd\u03b3\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03c4\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c2 \u1f05\u03c8\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c7\u03b9\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2.\nThose therefore which are thin and of a white colour being easiest to cure, we operate upon in this manner: having separated the eyelids, and seized upon the pterygia with a hook-like instrument, having a small curvature, we stretch it, and taking a needle having a horse-hair and a strong flaxen thread in its ear (eye?), and a little bent at the extremity, we transfix it through the middle of the pterygium, and with the thread we bind the pterygium and raise it upwards, while with the hair we separate and saw as it were the part at the pupil away unto its extremity; but the remainder of it at the great canthus we cut off from the base with the scalpel used for the operation by suture, but leaving the natural flesh of the canthus, lest there be a running of the eye when it is taken away. Some stretching as aforesaid with a thread, dissect away the whole pterygium with the instrument called pterygotomos, taking care not to touch the cornea. (Adams 1846: 275-276).\n\u00a0\n11. Paul.Aeg. 6.30.2 [CMG 9.2, 67.13-18 Heiberg] \n\u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03af\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03af\u03bd\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f04\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03b3\u1f74\u03bd \u1f21\u03bb\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c7\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03bd \u03ba\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u1f51\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03ba\u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u1f74\u03bd \u1f11\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u1ff6\u0345 \u03b3\u03bb\u03c9\u03c3\u03c3\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03c7\u03c9\u0345 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b3\u03bb\u1ff6\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03ba\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9 \u03c0\u03b9\u03b5\u03b6\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03c5\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1f76 \u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u1f79\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u1f04\u03b3\u03ba\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u1f77\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u1f71\u03b4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03be\u1f73\u03bb\u03ba\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f75\u03bd, \u1f10\u03c6\u1fbf \u1f45\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u1f71\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u1f76\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c6\u03b5\u03bb\u03ba\u1f7b\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f51\u03bc\u1f73\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2\u0387 \u1f14\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u1f73\u03bc\u03bd\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f44\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd \u1f10\u03ba \u03b2\u1f71\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c7\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c1\u03b1 \u1f00\u03b3\u03ba\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03c4\u1f79\u03bc\u1ff3\nWherefore, seating the person in the light of the sun, and directing him to open his mouth, while one assistant holds his head, and another presses down the tongue to the lower jaw with a tongue spatula, we take a hook and perforate the tonsil with it, and drag it outwards as much as we can without drawing its membranes along with it; and then we cut it out by the root with the scalpel suited to that hand, called ancylotomus (Adams 1846: 297)\n\u00a0\n12. Paul.Aeg. 6.42.1 [CMG 9.2, 83.16-22 Heiberg]\n\u03b4\u03b5\u1fd6 \u03c4\u03bf\u03af\u03bd\u03c5\u03bd \u1f22 \u1f51\u03c0\u03c4\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f22 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f51\u03b3\u03b9\u1f72\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u1f78\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03ac\u03bc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f10\u03bd\u03b4\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u03ac\u03bb\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u2019 \u1f43 \u03bc\u03ac\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f04\u03c1\u03b8\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u1f10\u03ba\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9, \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03b4\u03c5\u03c3\u1f76 \u03b4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03cd\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u1fb6\u03c2 \u1f22 \u1f00\u03b3\u03ba\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f04\u03c7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f57 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u1fc3, \u1f65\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03bc\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u1f74\u03bd \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u1f10\u03c3\u03c7\u03ac\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9\u00b7\nWherefore, the patient being laid on his back, or on the sound side, the skin at the inner part of the armpit, where the dislocation mostly takes place, is to be stretched between two fingers of the left hand, or with hooks, and burnt with heated cauteries, of a slender and oblong shape, until the cautery, being pushed through to the other side, occasion the formation of two eschars at one application (Adams 1846: 328)\n\u00a0\n13. Paul.Aeg. 6.62.4 [CMG 9.2, 104.24-25 \u2013 105.1-10 Heiberg] \n\u03b5\u1f30 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba\u03b1\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03bc\u1fb6\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f51\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b7\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd, \u1f61\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b5\u03c9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u1fd6, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd, \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03b5\u1f30\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f10\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc7 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u1fb3 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u1f76\u03c2 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c3\u03b9\u03b4\u03ae\u03c1\u1ff3 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bc\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u2019 \u1f51\u03c0\u03cc\u03c1\u03c1\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2. \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03ce\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03af\u03bd\u03c5\u03bd \u03b4\u03ad\u03ba\u03b1 \u1f22 \u03b4\u03ce\u03b4\u03b5\u03ba\u03b1 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b3\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03bf\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76\u00a0\u03bc\u03b1\u03c7\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u1ff6\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f44\u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03bf\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03ad\u03c3\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03cd\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd, \u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03af\u1ff3 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f22 \u03c4\u03c5\u03c6\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u1ff3 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f51\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c7\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u1ff7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c1\u03b9 \u1f65\u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03bc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03cd\u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd, \u03b3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bd\u03c9\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f10\u03bb\u03c5\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u1fc6 \u03c7\u03b9\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd\u03b1 (\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03ba\u1f78\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f62\u03bd \u1fe5\u1fb7\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9) \u03c4\u1ff7 \u1f04\u03ba\u03c1\u1ff3 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b3\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03bf\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f51\u03b3\u03c1\u1f78\u03bd \u1f10\u03ba\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03bd\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u03b1\u1fe6\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bd\u03c9\u03b8\u1f72\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u1fb6\u03bd \u1f00\u03b3\u03ba\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c7\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u1ff7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ad\u03bb\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd.\nBut if we would rather have recourse to the cautery in cases of hydrocele (as is the practice of the moderns), we must follow all the directions given as to what is to be done before and after the operation, and also those given with regard to the operation itself, omitting only the incision with a scalpel, and the division for allowing the discharge of its contents. Wherefore having heated ten or twelve cauteries, shaped like the Greek letter \u0393, and two sword-shaped ones, we must first burn the scrotum through the middle with the gamma-shaped, and having dissected away the membranes with a scalpel or blunt hook, we must burn with the sword-shaped as if cutting. Having laid bare the tunica vaginalis (which is easily recognized by its whiteness and density) with the extremity of a gamma-shaped cautery, we evacuate the fluid. Afterwards, when the whole is laid bare, we stretch it with hooks and remove it with a sword-shaped cautery (Adams 1846: 367)\u00a0\n\u00a0"},{"@type":"C.  COMMENTARY","@lang":"en","@value":"\u1f04\u03b3\u03ba\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd and its medical sources\n\u00a0\nAlthough the term \u1f04\u03b3\u03ba\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd was not used in the Corpus Hippocraticum, his wide presence in the instrumentaria was found in archaeological sites[1] and in the late medical literature testifies that it was one of the most used instrument among ancient physicians.\nThe sharp hook could be applied in cases when it was necessary to pierce a portion of skin or tissue, as in the case of tonsillectomy [11], or the eradication of an ocular pterygium, a disease that arises when a thin membrane grows over the eye from the inner corner [1, 2, 10] or in surgery of other ophtalmologic diseases [3]. Moreover, it was used to stop an hemorrhage [8], alone or with the aid of other instruments as the cautery [12] after a surgery or a dislocation.\nThe sharp type, \u1f04\u03b3\u03ba\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd, could be used also together with the second kind of instrument, the blunt one, called \u03c4\u03c5\u03c6\u03bb\u03ac\u03b3\u03ba\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd, as in the case of a surgery for a varicocele [5].\nThis second variety of hook, as the name suggests, does not cut or pierce or incise tissues, but was helpful to lift up the skin or open wide two sides of a wound. It could also be used as an alternative of a flat spatula; its peculiarity lies in his non-sharp edge, as Oribasius pointed out: \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f04\u03b3\u03ba\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u1f74 \u1f14\u03c0\u03b1\u03ba\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd, \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u2019 \u1f61\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f31 \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b9, \u03c4\u03c5\u03c6\u03bb\u03ac\u03b3\u03ba\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd (Coll. med. 45.18.8 [CMG 6.2.1, 172.33-34 Raeder]), so today, in some of his utilizations, it can be parallel to the modern surgical retractor.\nIn the past it was also used for very simple interventions, in place of a flat instrument like a spatula to remove a stuck ring [7], or in more serious surgical operations, such as the removal of portions of skull bone [6], of a \u03c0\u1ff6\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 (an hardening, like a stone, in the skull) [4] or a dissection of tissue in case of hydrocele [13]. In the proper use of a retractor, the \u03c4\u03c5\u03c6\u03bb\u03ac\u03b3\u03ba\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u00a0 could be applied in deep surgical sites, as in the lower viscera [9].\n\u00a0\n\u00a0\n\u00a0\u1f04\u03b3\u03ba\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd word and object\n\u00a0\nThe strong presence of \u1f04\u03b3\u03ba\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 in the ancient instrumentaria found in archaeological sites reveals how this instrument was very common in the everyday profession of a physician, due to its practicality and ductility.\nDespite the various typologies it can assume, the basic shape of an \u1f04\u03b3\u03ba\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd, is quite regular: the object was formed by an handle, a stem and a curved edge, made of bronze or metal alloy, sometimes with a silver upholstery, with a length of approximately 12-16 cm. The decorations that can be found on the handle and the stem may not have an aestethic meaning only, but also a functional purpose, because they increase the grip while grabbing the instrument.\nBased on the characteristics that a single piece may have, different descriptions can be found in literature: an \u1f04\u03b3\u03ba\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd could be \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd, \u2018small\u2019 (Gal. De anat. admin. 7.178 [2.681.10 K.]), \u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03cc\u03bd, \u2018thin\u2019 (Gal. De comp. med. sec. loc. 409 [12.659.5 K.], Apollonius), \u1f40\u03be\u03c5\u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03ad\u03c2, \u2018sharply curved\u2019 (Orib. Coll. med. 45.18.13, see [5]), \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03ad\u03c2, \u2018with a small bend\u2019 (Orib. Coll. med. 45.18.5 e Paul.Aeg. 6.18.1, see [10]), \u03b5\u1f54\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd, \u2018well-strung\u2019 (Orib. Coll. med. 45.7.3), \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c4\u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd, \u2018bored through\u2019 (hapax, Gal. De anat. admin. 7.173 [2.668.19 K.].\nSometimes, both sides culminate with an instrument, such as another hook, or a spatula, or a probe, and in these cases the stem works also as the handle.\n\u00a0\nSpeaking of the blunt hook, also in this case there could be differet kinds of \u03c4\u03c5\u03c6\u03bb\u03ac\u03b3\u03ba\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd, whose characteristics change according to the type of medical operation or surgery that it was used for: it may be \u03c4. \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03ad\u03c2, \u2018with a large curve\u2019[2] [4], or \u03b4\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd, \u2018plank\u2019[3] [7] (with two adjectives that seem to be hapax). It is possible that also Celsus refers to these shapes\u00a0 of hamus in different passages[4].\n\u00a0\nBelow, some pictures of hooks are presented, with relative references.\n\u00a0\n\u00a0\nSet of hooks from the British Museum, (13-14-15 = GR 1968 6-26, nn. 21-22-23; 16 = GR 1986 6-26, n. 13), see Jackson 1986: 125, fig. 2.\n\u00a0\n\u00a0\nFour hooks from Bingen, see Como 1925: 158-159, fig. 3, nn. 15-18.\n\u00a0\n\u00a0\n\u00a0\nFrom graves of Nea Paphos, see Michaelides 1984: 318, n. 21.\n\u00a0\n\u00a0\nFrom Cologne, K\u00fcnzl 1983: 89-90, fig.68.5.\n\u00a0\n\u00a0\nSet of hooks of the surgeon Hygeinos Kanpilios, from Ephesus, now at R\u00f6misch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum, Mainz, K\u00fcnzl\u00a0 1996: 2597, fig. XI, nn. 6-9.\n\u00a0\n\u00a0\n\u00a0\nFrom Aschersleben, fig. 38, Bliquez 2015: 405\n\u00a0\n\u00a0\nFrom Colophon, now at John Hopkins Archaeological Museum (Inv. Buckler 25), Bliquez 2015: 406, fig. 39\n\n\n[1] See BLIQUEZ \u00a02015: 173.\n\n\n[2] LSJ 1087 s.v. See also Bliquez 2015: 178.\n\n\n[3] BLIQUEZ (2015: 178):\n\u201cLSJ interprets \u03b4\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd in this passage as \u2018shaft or hook of a probe\u2019. However, Oribasius simultaneously recommends a \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u1f7a \u03bc\u03ae\u03bb\u03b7\u03c2, or the spatula of a probe, for the same purpose. This hints that something broader than a \u2018shaft\u2019 is wanted. \u0394\u03cc\u03c1\u03c5 also means \u2018beam\u2019 or \u2018plank\u2019 and that is likely the sense of its diminutive \u03b4\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd here. The reference would then be strictly to the broad therapeutic plate of the tuphlankistron, as opposed to its shaft. Thus, Oribasius intends that the operator should place the plate of this type of hook under the ring, both to raise it and at the same time to use it as a block to support the ring and protect the finger while a saw or file is being applied\u201d.\n\n\n[4] See 6.7.9a [CML 1, 280.29 Marx]; 7.31.3 [CML 1, 360.19-20 Marx]; for a detailed study of the use of hamus and his variants in Celsus see JACKSON 1994: 172-174.\n\n"},{"@type":"D.  BIBLIOGRAPHY","@lang":"en","@value":"P.Aberd. 11\nEditions: WINSTEDT 1907: 226; OLDFATHER 1923: 22 n. 359; K\u00d6RTE 1941: 145, n. 1017; ANDORLINI 1993: 511, n. 94; GHIRETTI 2010: 173-175.\n\u00a0\nP.Ross.Georg. I 20\nEditions: B\u00c4CKSTR\u00d6M\u00a0 1909: 449-481; ZERETELI \/KRUEGER\u00a0 1925: 137-145; MARGANNE\u00a0 1994: 112-132;\nStudies: KAPPUS\u00a0 1912: 266-267; KIND\u00a0 1919: 68-69; OLIVIERI\u00a0 1928: 235-249; MARGANNE\u00a0 1978: 313-320; ANDORLINI \u00a01993: 511, n. 95; GHIRETTI\u00a0 2010: 176-181.\n\u00a0\nP.Alex. inv. 614 = P.PisaLit. 6\nEditions: SWIDEREK 1964: 18; MANETTI 1973; ANDORLINI 1999.\n\u00a0\nGeneral Bibliography\u00a0\nAdams, F. (1846), The Seven Books of Paulus \u00c6gineta, translated from the Greek with a Commentary embracing a complete view of the Knowledge possessed by the Greeks, Romans and Arabics on all subjects connected with Medicine and Surgey, by Francis Adams, in three volumes, London.\nAndorlini, I. (1993), L\u2019apporto dei papiri alla conoscenza della scienza medica antica, A.N.R.W. II 37.1 Berlin-New York, 458-562.\nAndorlini, I. (1999), Testi medici per la scuola: raccolte di definizioni e questionari nei papiri, in I testi medici greci: tradizione e ecdotica, Atti del III Convegno Internazionale, Napoli 1997, eds. A. Garzya, J. Jouanna, Napoli, 7-15.\nB\u00e4ckstr\u00f6m, A. (1909), Medizinische Papyri aus der Sammlung Goleni\u0161\u010dev, \u00abZurnal Ministerstva Narodnago Prosve\u0161\u010denija\u00bb 24, 449-481.\nBeekes, R., EDG, Etymological Dictionary of Greek, I-II, Leiden-Boston, 2010.\nBliquez, L.J. (2015), The tools of Asclepius. Surgical Instruments in Greek and Roman Times, Leiden-Boston.\nBoisacq, \u00c9., DELG, Dictionnaire \u00e9tymologique de la langue grecque, \u00e9tudi\u00e9e dans ses rapports avec les autres langues indo-europ\u00e9ennes, Heidelberg-Paris, 19161.\nChantraine, P., DELG, Dictionnaire \u00e9tymologique de la langue grecque, I-II, Paris, 1968-1980.\nChantraine, P. (1933), La formation des noms en grec ancien, Paris.\nComo, J. (1925), Das Grab eines r\u00f6mischen Arztes in Bingen, \u00abGermania\u00bb 9, 152-162.\nDaremberg, C. (1851-1876), OEuvres d\u2019Oribase. Texte grec en grande partie in\u00e9dit collationn\u00e9 sur les manuscrits, traduit pour la premi\u00e8re fois en fran\u00e7ais par les Drs Bussemaker et Daremberg, Paris.\nFrisk, H., GEW, Griechisches etymologisches W\u00f6rterbuch, I-III, Heidelberg, 1954-1979.\nGhiretti, G. (2010), Luoghi e strumenti della professione medica antica. La testimonianza dei papiri greci d\u2019Egitto, \u00abPapyrotheke\u00bb 1 [http:\/\/dspace-unipr.cineca.it\/handle\/1889\/1493].\nJackson, R. (1986), A Set of Roman Medical Instruments from Italy, \u00abBritannia\u00bb 17, 119-167.\nJackson, R. (1994), The surgical instruments, appliances and equipment in Celsus\u2019 De medicina, in La m\u00e9dicine de Celse. Aspects historiques, scientifiques et litt\u00e9raires, Centre Jean-Palerne, M\u00e9moires XIII, eds. G. Sabbah, Ph. Mudry, Saint-\u00c9tienne, 167-209.\nKappus, C. (1912), Medizinische Papyri, \u00abBerliner philologische Wochenschrift\u00bb, 32, 266-267.\nKind, F.E. (1912), sine titulo, \u00abJAW\u00bb 158, 168-171 e 192.\nK\u00f6rte, A. (1941), nn. 1014 e 1017, \u00abArchiv fu\u0308r Papyrusforschung\u00bb14, 145.\nKu\u0308nzl, E. (1983), Medizinische Instrumente aus Sepulkralfunden der r\u00f6mischen Kaiserzeit, Bonn.\nKu\u0308nzl, E. (1996), Forschungsbericht zu den antiken medizinischen Instrumenten, in Aufstieg und Niedergang der r\u00f6mischen Welt , Part. II: Principat, Vol. 37,3, eds. W. Haase, H. Temporini, Berlin-New York, 2434-2639.\nManetti, D. (1973), and A. Carlini, R. Cingottini, A.\u00a0 Concolino Mancini, G. Calvani, G. Fanan, F. Montanari, Frammenti Greci, letterari e subletterari, su papiro e pergamena, SCO 22 (1973), 19-49.\nMarganne, M.-H. (1978), Deux questionnaires d\u2019ophtalmologie: P. Aberdeen 11 et P. Ross. Georg. 1.20, \u00abChronique d\u2019\u00c9gypte\u00bb 53, 313-320.\nMarganne, M.-H. (1994), L\u2019ophtalmologie dans l\u2019\u00c9gypte gr\u00e9co-romaine d\u2019apr\u00e8s les papyrus litt\u00e9raires grecs, Leiden-Boston-K\u00f6ln.\nMichaelides, D. (1984), A Roman Surgeon\u2019s Tomb from Nea Paphos, in Report of the department of antiquities, Cyprus, 1984, Nicosia, 315-332 e tavole LXXI-LXIV.\nOldfather, C.H. (1923), The Greek Literary Texts from Graeco-Roman Egypt, Madison.\nOlivieri, A. (1928), Antica medicina, \u00abAtti della Reale Accademia di Archeologia, Lettere e Belle Arti di Napoli\u00bb, N.S., 10, 235-249.\nSpecht, F. (1944), Der Ursprung der Indogermanischen Deklination, G\u00f6ttingen.\nSwiderek, A. (1964), and M. Vandoni, Papyrus grecs du Mus\u00e9e gr\u00e9co-romain d\u2019Alexandrie, Warszawa.\nWinstedt, E.D. (1907), Some Greek and Latin Papyri in Aberdeen Museum, \u00abClassical Quarterly\u00bb 1, 226.\nZereteli, G. \/ Krueger, O. (1925), Papyri russischer und georgischer Sammlungen, I, Tiflis, 137-145 (repr. Amsterdam, 1966)."},{"@type":"E.  CPGM reference(s)","@lang":"en","@value":"P.Aberd. 11v\nP.Ross.Georg. 1.20\nP.Alex. in.v 614 = P.PisaLit. 6"},{"@type":"AUTHOR","@lang":"en","@value":"Francesca Bertonazzi"}]}