{"tema_id":"79","string":"\u03bb\u03b9\u03b8\u1f71\u03c1\u03b3\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2","created":"2015-03-09 21:58:29","code":null,"modified":"2015-03-11 13:54:41","notes":[{"@type":"variants","@lang":"en","@value":"var.dim. \u03bb\u03b9\u03b8\u1f71\u03c1\u03b3\u03c5\u03c1\u03b5\u03bf\u03bd\nlat. lithargyros, plumbum ustum\n"},{"@type":"GENERAL DEFINITION","@lang":"en","@value":"Lead monoxide obtained in flake or powdered from lead. A metal drug obtained from lead-flakes and effective against inflamed wounds thanks to its disinfectant properties. The medicament belongs to a kind of poultice that had to be applied locally to the affected area as a bandage made of folded pieces of linen and soaked in some ointment."},{"@type":"A. LANGUAGE BETWEEN TEXT AND CONTEXT","@lang":"en","@value":"1-2. Etymology \u2013 General Linguistic Section.\nFrom Classical Greek \u03bb\u03b9\u03b8\u03ac\u03c1\u03b3\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2, spume or foam of silver. From lithos, a stone + argyros, silver.\nDioscorides (Mat. med. V 87.1\u20132 = III 57.15\u201358.8 Wellmann: \u03bb\u03b9\u03b8\u03ac\u03c1\u03b3\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u03f2\u00b7 \u1f21 \u03bc\u03ad\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03f2 \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u1fc6\u03f2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03b2\u03b4\u03af\u03c4\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u03f2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03f2 \u1f04\u03bc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03bd\u1fb6\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u03c7\u03c9\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03f2 \u1f04\u03c7\u03c1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03f2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03f2 \u1f10\u03ba\u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03ce\u03f2\u03b5\u03c9\u03f2, \u1f21 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f10\u03be \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3\u03cd\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f21 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f10\u03ba \u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd\u03b2\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5 (...) \u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03f2\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03f2 \u03c4\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03f2 \u2039\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03f2\u203a \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03bd\u1fb6\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03b2\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u03bb\u03b1\u03f2\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f10\u03ba\u03c6\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd. \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f21 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03be\u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u1f74 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03f2\u03c4\u03af\u03bb\u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03f2\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03c5\u03f2\u1fd6\u03c4\u03b9\u03f2, \u1f25\u03c4\u03b9\u03f2 \u1f10\u03f2\u03c4\u1f76 \u03ba\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd, \u1f21 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u1f70 \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3\u03c5\u03c1\u1fd6\u03c4\u03b9\u03f2, \u1f21 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3\u03cd\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03f2\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03c5\u03b8\u03c1\u1fd6\u03c4\u03b9\u03f2. \u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03f2\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03bd, \u03bc\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03bd, \u03c8\u03c5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03bd \u03ba\u03c4\u03bb.) points out that the litharge (spuma argenti lat.) was extracted from the lead-ore dust by treating the flakes, molten and baked in special kilns. In Egypt, lead-oxide preparations, such as minium, were mostly of local provenance, cf. R.J. Forbes, Studies in Ancient Technology VIII (Leiden 1971) 209 ff. They were usually employed as yellowish or reddish pigments (A. Lucas, Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries, rev. by J.R. Harris [London 41962] 243\u20134). As a lead monoxide, the refined product obtained from the ore, was an astringent mineral drug of common usage in ancient pharmacopoeia, it was especially used for disinfecting injuries and reducing abnormal formations, cf. Gal. Simpl. IX 16 (XII 224.11\u2013225.1 K) \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03bb\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03b3\u03cd\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5. \u03bb\u03b9\u03b8\u03ac\u03c1\u03b3\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u03f2 \u03be\u03b7\u03c1\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u1f65\u03f2\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b3\u03b5\u03ce\u03b4\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bb\u03b9\u03b8\u03ce\u03b4\u03b7 \u03c6\u03ac\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1, \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ce\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03b3\u03b5 \u03bc\u1f74\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u1fd6. \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f70\u03f2 \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03f2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03ac\u03f2 \u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03f2 \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03bc\u03ad\u03f2\u1ff3 \u03c0\u03ce\u03f2 \u1f10\u03f2\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd, \u03bf\u1f54\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03f2\u03b1 \u03f2\u03b1\u03c6\u1ff6\u03f2 \u03bf\u1f54\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c8\u03cd\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03f2\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03f2\u03c4\u03cd\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03c1\u03cd\u03c0\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03f2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9. \u03b4\u03b9\u1f78 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03f2\u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03ac\u03ba\u03c9\u03bd, \u1f03 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03f2 \u1f10\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b8\u03b7 \u1fe5\u03c5\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1f70, \u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03f2\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03f2\u03c4\u03c5\u03c6\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd. Dioscorides (Mat. med. V 87.1\u20132 = III 57.15\u201358.8 Wellmann: \u03bb\u03b9\u03b8\u03ac\u03c1\u03b3\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u03f2\u00b7 \u1f21 \u03bc\u03ad\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03f2 \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u1fc6\u03f2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03b2\u03b4\u03af\u03c4\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u03f2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03f2 \u1f04\u03bc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03bd\u1fb6\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u03c7\u03c9\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03f2 \u1f04\u03c7\u03c1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03f2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03f2 \u1f10\u03ba\u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03ce\u03f2\u03b5\u03c9\u03f2, \u1f21 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f10\u03be \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3\u03cd\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f21 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f10\u03ba \u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd\u03b2\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5 (...) \u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03f2\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03f2 \u03c4\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03f2 \u2039\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03f2\u203a \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03bd\u1fb6\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03b2\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u03bb\u03b1\u03f2\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f10\u03ba\u03c6\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd. \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f21 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03be\u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u1f74 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03f2\u03c4\u03af\u03bb\u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03f2\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03c5\u03f2\u1fd6\u03c4\u03b9\u03f2, \u1f25\u03c4\u03b9\u03f2 \u1f10\u03f2\u03c4\u1f76 \u03ba\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd, \u1f21 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u1f70 \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3\u03c5\u03c1\u1fd6\u03c4\u03b9\u03f2, \u1f21 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3\u03cd\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03f2\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03c5\u03b8\u03c1\u1fd6\u03c4\u03b9\u03f2. \u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03f2\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03bd, \u03bc\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03bd, \u03c8\u03c5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03bd \u03ba\u03c4\u03bb.) points out that the litharge (lat. spuma argenti) was extracted from the lead-ore dust by treating the flakes, molten and baked in special kilns. In Egypt, lead-oxide preparations, such as minium, were mostly of local provenance, cf. R.J. Forbes, Studies in Ancient Technology VIII (Leiden 1971) 209 ff. They were usually employed as yellowish or reddish pigments (A. Lucas, Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries, rev. by J.R. Harris, London 1962, 243\u20134). As a lead monoxide, the refined product obtained from the ore, was an astringent mineral drug of common usage in ancient pharmacopoeia, it was especially used for disinfecting injuries and reducing abnormal formations, cf. Gal. Simpl. IX 16 (XII 224.11\u2013225.1 K\u00fchn) \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03bb\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03b3\u03cd\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5. \u03bb\u03b9\u03b8\u03ac\u03c1\u03b3\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u03f2 \u03be\u03b7\u03c1\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u1f65\u03f2\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b3\u03b5\u03ce\u03b4\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bb\u03b9\u03b8\u03ce\u03b4\u03b7 \u03c6\u03ac\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1, \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ce\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03b3\u03b5 \u03bc\u1f74\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u1fd6. \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f70\u03f2 \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03f2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03ac\u03f2 \u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03f2 \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03bc\u03ad\u03f2\u1ff3 \u03c0\u03ce\u03f2 \u1f10\u03f2\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd, \u03bf\u1f54\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03f2\u03b1 \u03f2\u03b1\u03c6\u1ff6\u03f2 \u03bf\u1f54\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c8\u03cd\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03f2\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03f2\u03c4\u03cd\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03c1\u03cd\u03c0\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03f2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9. \u03b4\u03b9\u1f78 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03f2\u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03ac\u03ba\u03c9\u03bd, \u1f03 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03f2 \u1f10\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b8\u03b7 \u1fe5\u03c5\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1f70, \u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03f2\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03f2\u03c4\u03c5\u03c6\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd.\n3. Abbreviation(s) in the papyri"}]}