{"tema_id":"64","string":"\u03c8\u03b9\u03bc\u03af\u03b8\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd","created":"2015-03-09 13:41:15","code":null,"modified":"2015-03-09 18:08:21","notes":[{"@type":"variants","@lang":"en","@value":"var.dim. \u03c8\u03af\u03bc\u03c5\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2\nLat. psimithium, psimithion"},{"@type":"GENERAL DEFINITION","@lang":"en","@value":"\u03c8\u03b9\u03bc\u03af\u03b8\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd, \u03c8\u03b9\u03bc\u03cd\u03b8\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd: white lead, ceruse, cerussa. \u0391 mineral consisting of lead carbonate that is an important source of lead. A colorless or white mineral, PbCO3, that is an ore of lead; lead carbonate.\nThis metallic drug is a basic component of eye-salves."},{"@type":"A. LANGUAGE BETWEEN TEXT AND CONTEXT","@lang":"en","@value":"\u03c8\u03b9\u03bc\u03af\u03b8\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd, alias \u03c8\u03b9\u03bc\u03cd\u03b8\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd is the normal spelling in the papyri.\nBoth forms \u03c8\u03af\u03bc\u03b9\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 and \u03c8\u03b9\u03bc\u03af\u03b8\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd occur together in GMP II 4.\nSuda, Lexicon. \u03b8 282 line 4. \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03c1\u1ff6\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd \u03c8\u03b9\u03bc\u03c5\u03b8\u03af\u1ff3 \u1f10\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u1ff4\u03b4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5\u03bd, \u03b5\u1f36\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03ac\u03c7\u03bd\u1fc3 \u1f10\u03c3\u03ba\u03ad\u03c0\u03b1\u03c3\u03b5\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff7 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9.\nSuda, Lexicon. \u03c8 108 line 1. \u03a8\u03b9\u03bc\u03cd\u03b8\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd: \u03c7\u03c1\u1ff6\u03bc\u03b1 \u1f11\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd.\nDioscorides, Mat. med. V 88.6 (III 62.18-20 W) describes the preparation of the substance in some details: \u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c8\u03c5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03bd, \u1f10\u03bc\u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03bd, \u03bc\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03bd, \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03bd, \u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03bd, \u1f14\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1f74\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u1ff6\u03bd\u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03bd, \u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bd\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b7\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03b1\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bc\u03c0\u03bb\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2\u00b7\nSee the entry of the drug in Gal. Simpl. IX 3.39 (XII 243.17-244.10 K\u00fchn).\nWhite lead was also one of the standard colouring substances used in the manufacture of paints."},{"@type":"B.  TESTIMONIA - A selection of representative sources","@lang":"en","@value":"\u0391\u00ebtius Med., Iatricorum liber iv\nChapter 22, line 2\n\n\u03a0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f10\u03bd \u03ba\u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u1fc7 \u1f15\u03bb\u03ba\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c7\u1ff6\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2, \u1fa7 \u1f10\u03b3\u1f7c \u03c7\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f50\u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u1ff6\u00b7 \u03bb\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03b3\u03cd\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2. "},{"@type":"C.  COMMENTARY","@lang":"en","@value":"The cerussa of antiquity was prepared from lead plates, by dissolving in strong vinegar. The product must have been lead acetate which, due to the action of the air's oxygen, may have had a content of basic lead carbonate. The solution was made to crystallize by placing it on an oven. Cerussa is milder and is used by ancient women as make-up. Plasters including psimithion were classified by Galen, Comp. per gen. I 12 (XIII 409ff. K\u00fchn). They derive their name from the white colour acquired after the metallic drugs are punded to dust and combined together. The proper mixture of lead components followed a ratio 1:1; however, the amount of the eccipient (e.g. oil) could be very high. On this subject compare a passage from Galen (XIII 413 K\u00fchn: \u1f29 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bc\u03c0\u03bb\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5. \u1f3c\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd \u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f11\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd, \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u03b5 \u03c8\u03b9\u03bc\u03c5\u03b8\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03bb\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03b3\u03cd\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u2019 \u03b5\u1f30 \u03b2\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5, \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03bc\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9 \u03bc\u03b9\u1fb6\u03c2 \u03bb\u03af\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f11\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5).\nCf. Plinius, XXIX \u00a7 54. One finds both cerussa and psimithium in the collyrium prescriptions."},{"@type":"D.  BIBLIOGRAPHY","@lang":"en","@value":"Gazza 1956, 105; Pr\u00e9aux 1956, 143; Nielsen 1974, 35; Youtie 1975, 560; Andorlini 1981, 70-76; Clackson 2004, 77 (P.Horak 14.2-3); Mitthof GMP II 8, p. 134."},{"@type":"E.  CPGM reference(s)","@lang":"en","@value":"GMP I 12.8; GMP II 4.ii 2, 10; GMP II 8, p. 134; P.Mich. XVII 758 A.10; B verso 10; E 10-11; M 6.\nP.Mich. inv. 482 i 2, 12; ii 22. O.Tait.Bodl. 2184, recto, 3. P.Horak 14.3; P.Horak 63.5."},{"@type":"E.  DDbDP reference(s)","@lang":"en","@value":"P.Cair. Zen. 4 59763.19; P.Cair. Zen. 4 59789.11-12; BGU 19 2789.3; SB 26 16645.9: P.Turner 47.4, 9; SB 14 11964.2, 12; SB 24 15917.20; SB 26 16645.9."},{"@type":"AUTHOR","@lang":"en","@value":"Isabella Andorlini"}]}