{"tema_id":"21","string":"\u03f2\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03cd\u03bb\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1","created":"2014-08-20 15:28:22","code":null,"modified":"2015-03-31 16:10:02","notes":[{"@type":"variants","@lang":"en","@value":"Gr. \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03cd\u03bb\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\nLat. staphyloma"},{"@type":"GENERAL DEFINITION","@lang":"en","@value":"A\u00a0bulging\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0cornea\u00a0or\u00a0sclera\u00a0due\u00a0to\u00a0inflammatory\u00a0softening.\nAbnormal protrusion (ectasia) of any part of the globe of the eye due to an inflammatory condition. The thin sclera is lined by uvea, hence the color of a staphyloma is generally black. According to position of the staphyloma, modern ophthalmology distinguishes intercalary, ciliary, equatorial and posterior staphylomas. The intercalary s. is situated at the limbus and lined by root of the iris; the ciliary s. is situated between the limbus and the equator; it is lined by ciliary body and is the commonest type; the equatorial s. develops under the recti muscle, hence is generally not visible; the posterior s. is a bulging of a weakened sclera at the posterior of the eyeball resulting from loss of the choroid lining."},{"@type":"A. LANGUAGE BETWEEN TEXT AND CONTEXT","@lang":"en","@value":"1-2. Etymology\u2013General Linguistic Section.\nMetaphorical term based on a physical resemblance to \u2018a grape\u2019. Anatomical term named after staphyl\u00ea, the \u2018bunch of grapes\u2019 and the unattested *staphylo\u00f4 \u2018to form grains\u2019, as pointed out by ancient medical writers.\nPs.-Gal. Def. med. (XIX, p. 435, l. 15 K\u00fchn):\u00a0\u03c4\u03bc\u03b5\u02b9. \u03a3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03cd\u03bb\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd \u1f14\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1 (a swelling, elevation) \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03cc\u03c1\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd \u1f10\u03bc\u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u1f72\u03c2 \u1fe5\u03b1\u03b3\u1f76 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u1fc6\u03c2."},{"@type":"B.  TESTIMONIA - A selection of representative sources","@lang":"en","@value":"Celsus, 7.7.11 (CML 1.318.25-26 Marx):\u00a0In ipso autem oculo nonnumquam summa attollitur tunica,\u00a0siue ruptis intus membranis aliquibus siue laxatis, et similis figura\u00a0acino fit: unde id staphyloma Graeci uocant. \u2013 Curatio duplex est:\u00a0altera: ad ipsas radices per medium transuere acu duo lina ducente;\u00a0deinde alterius lini duo capita ex superiore parte, alterius ex inferiore\u00a0astringere inter se; quae paulatim secando id excidunt. Deinde spodium aut cadmiam infriare. (Of the staphyloma. These then are general disorders, that commonly occur in the parts about the eye, in the angles, and eye-lids. In the eye the external coat is sometimes raised, either from the rupture or relaxation of some of internal membranes; and it resembles a raising stone in its form, whence the Greeks call it a staphyloma. There are two methods of cure for it. One is to pass through the middle, at the root of it, a needle with a double thread; then to tye tight the ends of one of the threads above, and of the other below; which by cutting gradually, may bring it off. The other is, to cut out from its surface about the bigness of a lentil; then to rub in spodium or cadmia.)\n\u00a0\nPs.-Gal. Def. med.\u00a0 (XIX.433.15-16 and 439.13-14 K\u00fchn:\u00a0\u1f19\u03bb\u03ba\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f40\u03c6\u03b8\u03b1\u03bb\u03bc\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b1\u03af\n\u03b5\u1f30\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u1f04\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd, \u03bd\u03b5\u03c6\u03ad\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd, \u1f10\u03c0\u03af\u03ba\u03b1\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1, \u03b2\u03cc\u03b8\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd, \u03c6\u03bb\u03c5\u03ba\u03c4\u1f76\u03c2, \u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03ba\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1, \u1f04\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03b1\u03be, \u03bc\u03c5\u03bf\u03ba\u03ad\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd, \u03c0\u03cd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2, \u1f44\u03bd\u03c5\u03be, \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03cd\u03bb\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1, \u03c4\u03b1\u1fe6\u03c4\u03b1\n\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03b3\u1fc6\u03c2.); A\u00ebt. VII 36 (CMG 8.2, 286.18-20 Olivieri: \u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd. \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2,\n\u03b4\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b1\u1f30\u03c4\u03af\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u03ac\u03b8\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03af\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u00b7 \u1f61\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd \u03b4\u03ad, \u1f45\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f02\u03bd \u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1, \u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u1fd6 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f44\u03c8\u03b9\u03bd. \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1, \u1f45\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u1f41 \u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u1f74\u03c2 \u03c7\u03b9\u03c4\u1f7c\u03bd \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03c4\u03c9\u03b8\u1fc7 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u1f74\u03bd \u1fe5\u03b1\u03b3\u1f76 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9. \u03b3\u03af\u03b3\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03ad \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u1f51\u03b3\u03c1\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03c7\u03c5\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03b4\u03cc\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c2 \u03c7\u03b9\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2); Ps.-Alex. Ocul., p. 152 Puschmann: \u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03cd\u03bb\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2. \u03a4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u1f73\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03cd\u03bb\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c3\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b1\u1f77. \u1f10\u03ba\u03bb\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03cd\u03bb\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f10\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u1fe5\u03b1\u03b3\u1f76 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u1fc6\u03c2.\nPs.-Gal. Introductio seu medicus (XIV p. 784, line 5 K\u00fchn): \u03c4\u1f70\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f10\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03af\u03b4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03cd\u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd, \u03c4\u1f70 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bb\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b2\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2, \u03c4\u1f70 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c0\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03cd\u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f70\u03c2 \u1f10\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03af\u03b4\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f22 \u03bb\u03af\u03bd\u1ff3 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2, \u1f22 \u1f00\u03b3\u03ba\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u1ff3."},{"@type":"C.  COMMENTARY","@lang":"en","@value":"\u03f2\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03cd\u03bb\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u00a0is the term given to an eye whose sclero-uveal coats are stretched (also known as ectasia). This most commonly occurs posteriorly, although anterior staphyloma also is recognised. As opposed to\u00a0coloboma, staphyloma defect is located off-center from the optic disc, typically temporal to the disc.\n\n\nTypologies:\nanterior\u00a0staphyloma\u00a0\u00a0staphyloma\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0anterior\u00a0part\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0eye.\ncorneal\u00a0staphyloma\u00a0\n\n\n1.\u00a0bulging\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0cornea\u00a0with\u00a0adherent\u00a0uveal\u00a0tissue.\n2.\u00a0one\u00a0formed\u00a0by\u00a0protrusion\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0iris\u00a0through\u00a0a\u00a0corneal\u00a0wound.\n\nposterior\u00a0staphyloma\u00a0\u00a0backward\u00a0bulging\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0sclera\u00a0at\u00a0the\u00a0posterior\u00a0pole\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0eye.\nscleral\u00a0staphyloma\u00a0\u00a0protrusion\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0contents\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0eyeball\u00a0where\u00a0the\u00a0sclera\u00a0has\u00a0become\u00a0thinned.\n\nIt is an acquired defect secondary to weakness and thinning of the scleraluveal coats.\nPatients often present with severe axial\u00a0myopia.\nIn the\u00a0anterior segment\u00a0of the eye, involving the\u00a0cornea\u00a0and the nearby\u00a0sclera. It is an ectasia of pseudocornea ( the scar formed from organised exudates and fibrous tissue covered with epithelium) which results after sloughing of cornea with iris plastered behind, it is known as anterior staphyloma.\nIn the\u00a0posterior segment\u00a0of the eye, typically diagnosed at the region of the\u00a0macula, deforming the eye in a way that the eye-length is extended associated with\u00a0myopia\u00a0(nearsightedness). It is diagnosed by ophthalmoscopy, which shows an area of retinal excavation in the region of the staphyloma.\n\n\n\n\u00a0\nAs the name implies, it is the bulge of weak sclera lined by ciliary body, which occurs about 2\u20133\u00a0mm away from the limbus. Its common causes are thinning of sclera following perforating injury, scleritis and absolute glaucoma. It is part of anterior staphyloma.\n\n"},{"@type":"D.  BIBLIOGRAPHY","@lang":"en","@value":"\nE. Scheller, Aulus Cornelius Celsus, Brauschweig 1906 sec. ed., 382-383;\nF. Skoda, M\u00e9decine ancienne et m\u00e9taphore, Paris 1988, 16-18; 286 s.v. pterygion.\n\nCurtin BJ, Karlin DB. Axial length measurements and fundus changes of the myopic eye. I. The posterior fundus.\u00a0Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc.\u00a01970;68: 312\u2013334.\u00a0[PMC free article]\u00a0[PubMed]\nGottlieb J. L., Prieto D. M., Vander J. F. et al Peripapillary staphyloma. Am J. Ophthalmolology 1997124249\u2013251.251 ["},{"@type":"E.  CPGM reference(s)","@lang":"en","@value":"CPGM references: the term is not attested before the 1st century AD, cf. P.Ross.Georg. 1.20.68-93, P.Strasb. gr. inv. 849.11-17 (= TMP, pp. 63-77: [T]\u03b5\u1f77 \u1f10\u03c3[\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u1f7b]\u03bb\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1;).\u00a0"},{"@type":"AUTHOR","@lang":"en","@value":"Isabella Andorlini"}]}