{"tema_id":"194","string":"\u03c4\u03c1\u03cd\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd","created":"2020-11-13 10:35:39","code":null,"notes":[{"@type":"variants","@lang":"en","@value":"var. -\nlat. modiolus"},{"@type":"GENERAL DEFINITION","@lang":"en","@value":"The term \u03c4\u03c1\u03cd\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd[1] designates a tool with multiple applications: it can indicate the tool used by the carpenter[2], commonly known as a drill, but also the war drill[3] and the surgical tool used to drill various parts of the body; in the medical field, it is mainly used in bone surgery.\n\n\n[1] The term is treated more or less extensively by BLIQUEZ 1984: 198-203; BLIQUEZ 2015: 185-189; FISCHER 1989; JACKSON 1987: 417-422; JACKSON 1994: 190-197; JACKSON 2003; KRUG 1990: 101-103; MILNE 1907: 126-130: 257; SCH\u00d6NE 1903: 283; TABANELLI 1958: 119-122. In particular, see Bertonazzi 2018 e 2019.\n\n\n[2] As we read in Homer, Od. 9.384-386 \u1f10\u03b3\u1f7c \u03b4\u2019 \u1f10\u03c6\u03cd\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd \u1f10\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u1f76\u03c2 | \u03b4\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03bf\u03bd, \u1f61\u03c2 \u1f45\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03c5\u03c0\u1fb7 \u03b4\u03cc\u03c1\u03c5 \u03bd\u03ae\u03ca\u03bf\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u1f74\u03c1 \u03c4\u03c1\u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u1ff3, \u03bf\u1f31 \u03b4\u03ad \u03c4\u2019 \u1f14\u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c3\u03b5\u03af\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u1f31\u03bc\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9 | \u1f01\u03c8\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u1f11\u03ba\u03ac\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b8\u03b5, \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u1f10\u03bc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u1f72\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f30\u03b5\u03af. Thus in fact, the technical term for the drill according to Hesychius (\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c1\u03cd\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1, \u03c4 515).\n\n\n[3] Vd. Aen.Tact. 32.5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f45\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bb\u03af\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f01\u03bc\u03b1\u03be\u03bf\u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03b8\u1f74\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c6\u03b9\u03ad\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bc\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03c4\u1fc3 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b2\u1fc3 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c4\u03c1\u03cd\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd. For this meaning of the term \u03c4\u03c1\u03cd\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd and for the description of the war machine see LAMMERT in RE VII,A1, 714 s.v.\n\n"},{"@type":"A. LANGUAGE BETWEEN TEXT AND CONTEXT","@lang":"en","@value":"1.-2. Etymology- General linguistic commentary\n\u00a0\nDerived from the verb \u03c4\u03c1\u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c9 ('bore, pierce through' LSJ s.v.), very prolific\u00a0 in Greek[1], the noun has the suffix in \u2013\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf-, \"largement utilis\u00e9 pour former des noms d'instruments quel que soit le degr\u00e9 vocalique de la racine\" (CHAINTRAINE 1933: 199), although some consider it \"morphologisch mehrdeutig\" (FRISK 937, S.V. \u03c4\u03c1\u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c9)[2].\nThe term appears in the list of instruments of Codex Parisinus Latinus 11219, fol. 36v r. 56.[3]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\n3. Abbreviation(s) in the papyri\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\nNo abbreviated form had appeared, as yet.\n\n\n[1] From the same verb derive the nouns \u03c4\u03c1\u03cd\u03c0\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1, the result of the transplantation operation, \u03c4\u03c1\u03cd\u03c0\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2, the action of drilling, \u03c4\u03c1\u03c5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2, the drill and \u03c4\u03c1\u03c5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1, 'pierced vessel' (BEEKES 1513 s.v. \u03c4\u03c1\u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c9), as well as \u03c4\u03c1\u03cd\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd, hence the variants \u03c4\u03c1\u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd, \u03c4\u03c1\u03c5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03ce\u03b4\u03b7\u03c2, \u03c4\u03c1\u03c5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2, \u03c4\u03c1\u03c5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b6\u03c9, \u03c4\u03c1\u03c5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2, the feminine \u03c4\u03c1\u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b7 with the same meaning of drill or auger, and \u03c4\u03c1\u03c5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b1, belt for working with the drill. That the verb \u03c4\u03c1\u03c5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b6\u03c9 derives from the noun \u03c4\u03c1\u03cd\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd is also supported by the gloss of Hesychius: \u03c4\u03c1\u03c5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u00b7 \u03c4\u03c1\u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9\u0345 \u03c0\u03bb\u03ae\u03c3\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 (\u03c4 1563). A later formation is \u03c4\u03c1\u03cd\u03c0\u03b7 \u03bf \u03c4\u03c1\u1fe6\u03c0\u03b1, with the sense of 'hole'. Given the late certification of the latter noun, the verb 'can hardly be denominative. It is more likely to be an old iterative formation\". (BEEKES 1513 s.v. \u03c4\u03c1\u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c9), as also supported by CHANTRAINE (1140-1141 s.v. \u03c4\u03c1\u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c9) and FRISK (937 s.v \u03c4\u03c1\u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c9).\n\n\n[2] In this regard, in DESTM (875, s.v.tr\u00e0pano) we read: \u201cla coesistenza del verbo e del sostantivo non dovrebbe far dubitare sulla derivazione, anche se qualcuno ritiene che \u00e8 morfologicamente ambigua (mehrdeutig di Frisk)\u201d. The Italian noun tr\u00e0pano entered into current use around the 13th century, however a tr\u00e8pano form is also documented, which appears as an alternative spelling in the medieval Latin trepanum, from which the semi-ducts terms of European languages probably derived. \u201cIn italiano la forma tr\u00e0pano \u2013 con ulteriore alterazione vocalica nella prima sillaba \u2013 \u00e8 attestata dal chirurgo della scuola salernitana Ruggero da Parma (ora chiamato Ruggero di Frugardo); si pu\u00f2 considerare quasi certo che la -a- \u00e8 intervenuta per l\u2019influsso di altri vocaboli, spec. traforare e trapassare, semanticamente affini\u201d (DESTM 875, s.v. tr\u00e0pano).\n\n\n[3] Vd. SCHONE 1903: 283 and FISCHER 1989: 31.\n\n"},{"@type":"B.  TESTIMONIA - A selection of representative sources","@lang":"en","@value":"[1] \u03c4\u03c1\u03cd\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\n\u00a0\n1. Hp.\u00a0VC\u00a018 [3.250.16-23 L.]\u00a0\u2013 V-IV BCE\n\u1f08\u03bb\u03bb\u1f70 \u03c7\u03c1\u1f74, \u1f22\u03bd \u03c8\u03b9\u03bb\u03c9\u03b8\u1fc7 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f40\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd, \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03bd\u03cc\u03bf\u03bd, \u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b3\u03b9\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u1f45 \u03c4\u03b9 \u03bc\u03ae \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u1f40\u03c6\u03b8\u03b1\u03bb\u03bc\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u1f30\u03b4\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b3\u03bd\u1ff6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u1f30 \u1f14\u03c1\u03c1\u03c9\u03b3\u03b5 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f40\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b5\u1f30 \u03c0\u03ad\u03c6\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f22 \u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u00a0\u03c0\u03ad\u03c6\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b5\u1f30, \u1f15\u03b4\u03c1\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b2\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03bf\u03c2, \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c6\u03bb\u03ac\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2, \u1f22 \u1fe5\u03c9\u03b3\u03bc\u1f74, \u1f22 \u1f04\u03bc\u03c6\u03c9 \u03c4\u03b1\u1fe6\u03c4\u03b1\u00b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f24\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03cc\u03bd\u03b8\u1fc3 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f40\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd, \u1f00\u03c6\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b1\u1f35\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03c5\u03c0\u1ff6\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f40\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd\u00a0\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u1ff7 \u03c4\u03c1\u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u1ff3, \u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u2019 \u1f40\u03bb\u03af\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u00b7 \u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f40\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03bd\u03ad\u03c9\u03bd \u1f22 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03b2\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd\n[Si l\u2019os a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9nud\u00e9, il faut appliquer son intelligenee \u00e0 essayer de discerner ce qui n\u2019est pas apparent aux yeux, et \u00e0 reconna\u00eetre si l\u2019os est fractur\u00e9 et contus, ou seulement contus, et si, l\u2019instrument vuln\u00e9rant ayant produit une h\u00e9dra, il s\u2019y joint contusion ou fracture, ou contusion et fracture \u00e0 la fois. Dans le cas o\u00f9 l\u2019os aura \u00e9prouv\u00e9 quelqu\u2019une de ces l\u00e9sions, on donnera issue \u00e0 du sang en per\u00e7ant l\u2019os avec un petit tr\u00e9pan perforatif; il y faut quelque pr\u00e9caution; car chez les jeunes sujets l\u2019os est plus mince et plus superficiel que chez les sujets plus \u00e2g\u00e9s (Littr\u00e9 3.251)]\n\u00a0\n\u00a02. P. Strasb. inv. 1187, Fr. A, co. I, rr. 1-18 \u00a0\u2013 II CE\n\u00a0 \u00a0]\u00a0 \u0323\u00a0 \u0323\u00a0 \u0323 [\u03f2]\u03b9\u0323\u0323\u03bd\u0323\u03b1\u03c1\u1f70\u03f2 \u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5 | ]\u1f10\u0323\u03c6\u03ce\u03c1\u03b1\u0323\u03f2\u03b5\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u1fc6\u03bc\u03b1 | ]\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u1f36\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03f2 | \u03c4]\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u03ba\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03ad\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 | ]\u1f10\u0323\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03b2\u03b1\u03f2\u03c4\u03b1- |]\u00a0 \u0323 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f10\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1. | ]\u03b1\u0323\u03b8\u03c9\u03bd\u00b7 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd | ]\u03bd \u03bf\u0323\u1f50\u03c7 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u0323\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b1- | \u03c0]\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03c4\u03c1\u03c5| [\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u1ff3\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ]\u00a0 \u0323\u00a0 \u0323\u00a0 \u0323 \u1f15\u03c9\u03f2 \u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03b5- | \u03c4\u1ff6[\u03bd \u03f2\u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\\\u03c9\/\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u03ba\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03ad\u03c9(\u03bd) | ]\u00a0 \u0323\u00a0 \u0323\u00a0 \u0323 \u03b9\u0323\u03bd\u0323 \u03b4\u03b9\u2019 \u1f11\u03bd\u1f78\u03f2 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b2\u03b1- | ] \u0323\u00a0 \u0323 \u03b3\u00a0 \u0323\u00a0 \u0323\u00a0 \u0323\u00a0 \u0323 \u03c4\u03c9 \u0323 \u03b5 \u03b2\u03b1\u03f2\u03c4\u03b1- | ].\u03bd \u03f2\u03b9\u03bd\u03b1\u03c1\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03f2\u03b9\u03bd\u03b1\u03c1\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f41 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b8\u03ce(\u03bd) | [\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03cc]\u03c4\u03c9\u03f2\u03b9\u03f2 \u1f10\u03bd\u03ba\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f21\u0323 \u03c0\u03c5\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u1f78\u03f2 | [\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0]\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u00b7 \u1f10\u03ba\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd\u03bf \u03b4\u1f72 \u03b5\u1f30\u03b4\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u1fd6 \u1f45\u03c4\u03b9 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 | [\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u03c4\u1ff6]\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u0323\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u1f40\u03bb\u03af\u03b3\u03b1\u03f2 \u03c4\u03b1\u0323. |]\u00a0 \u0323\u03b1\u1f31\u03c6\u03bd\u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u1f41\u03c1\u1fb6\u03c4\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b2\u03ac\u03b8\u03bf\u03f2 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1-\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\n[... l\u00e9s\u00e9s, alors\u00a0... il d\u00e9couvrit un trou\u00a0... ensuite, au moyen de la\u00a0... des exciseurs\u00a0... il accomplit (ou ach\u00e8ve)\u00a0... les op\u00e9rations d\u2019une part\n... d\u2019autre part, pour les\u00a0... n\u2019est pas \u00e9vacu\u00e9 (ou restitu\u00e9?)\u00a0... il permet au tr\u00e9pan... tomber dans le vide\u00a0... des exciseurs en forme de scalpels\u00a0... au moyen d\u2019un des\u00a0\u2026\u00a0des... l\u00e9s\u00e9s, le malade\u00a0on adopte l\u2019application de charpie e le traitement\u00a0suppuratif; mai en ce domaine, il faut savoir que pour le\u00a0... des abc\u00e8s apr\u00e8s quelques\u00a0... soudain on voit la profondeur (Marganne 1998: 73)]\n\u00a0\n\u00a03. Gal.\u00a0Meth. med.\u00a06.150 (10.446.12-18 K.) \u2013\u00a0II CE\n\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b4\u2019 \u1f04\u03c7\u03c1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03ae\u03bd\u03b9\u03b3\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u03cc\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd, \u03b5\u1f30 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03b5\u1f34\u03b7 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03b7 \u1fe5\u03c9\u03b3\u03bc\u1f74, \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03be\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c1\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd\u00b7 \u03b5\u1f30 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03b8\u03bb\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03ce\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2,\u2028\u1f10\u03ba\u03ba\u03cc\u03c0\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u1f74 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c4\u03b5\u03b8\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd, \u1f24\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70\u00a0\u03c4\u03c1\u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u00a0\u1f10\u03bd \u03ba\u03cd\u03ba\u03bb\u1ff3\u00a0\u2028\u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u00a0\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u1ff6\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1, \u03ba\u1f84\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b8\u2019 \u03bf\u1f55\u03c4\u03c9 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03ba\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03b5\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd, \u1f22 \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03c5\u03ba\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u1f50\u03b8\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f10\u03be \u1f00\u03c1\u03c7\u1fc6\u03c2.\n\u00a0[Of those divisions that extend as far as the meninges, if it is a fracture alone, you must use the aforementioned raspatories. If it is combined with some crushing, it is necessary to excise what has been crushed either perforating first in a circle with trephines and then, in like manner, using the knives, or perforating with the\u00a0cyclisci\u00a0immediately from the outset (Johnston-Horsley 2011: 219)]\n\u00a0\n4. Gal.\u00a0Meth.med.\u00a06.151 (10.448.1-3 K.)\n\u1f14\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd, \u03b5\u1f34\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u1f74 \u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd, \u03b5\u1f34\u03c4\u2019 \u1f00\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03c4\u03b1\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03c2\u00a0\u03c7\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd\u00a0\u1f10\u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf.\n[Some doctors, whom we should call either too timid or too cautious, use the so-called \u2018crown trephine\u2019 (Jonhston-Horsley 2011: 221)]\n\u00a0\n5. Gal.\u00a0De comp. med. sec. loc.\u00a05.463 [12.821.17-18 \u2013 12.821.1-2 K.] [Archigenes]\n\u03b5\u1f30 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4 \u03bf\u1f55\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c6\u03c5\u03b3\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf, \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03bb\u1f7c\u03bd \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u1f78\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u00a0\u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u1ff7 \u03c4\u03c1\u03c5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03c9\u0345\u00a0\u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c7\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2, \u03b5\u1f36\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03ba\u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u1fc7 \u03c7\u03c1\u1ff6, \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f51\u03b3\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9.\n[Se il metodo precedente non funziona, dopo aver diviso l\u2019angolo dell\u2019occhio e aver perforato l\u2019apertura con un trapano leggero, continua a fare buchi successivi; poi usa un impiastro\u00a0kephalik\u00e8, rimuovi i resti epiteliali e lascia guarire]\n\u00a0\n6. Gal.\u00a0De comp. med. sec. loc.\u00a05.477 [12.863.17-19 \u2013 12.864.1 K.]\n\u03b5\u1f30 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u1f34\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9, \u1f14\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f30\u03c3\u03c7\u03c5\u03c1\u1ff6\u03c2 \u1f41 \u03c0\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2,\u00a0\u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u1ff7\u00a0\u03c4\u03c1\u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u1ff3\u00a0\u03c4\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f40\u03b4\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1, \u03c7\u03c1\u1ff6 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b2\u03bf\u03b7\u03b8\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd, \u03b5\u1f34\u03c9\u03b8\u03b5 \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u03bc\u1fb6\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd \u03bf\u1f55\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f60\u03c6\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd\n[Se non funziona nessun rimedio di quelli scritti prima e se il dolore persiste con violenza, dopo aver trapanato il dente con un trapano leggero, usare i rimedi precedentemente suggeriti, e cos\u00ec dovrebbe giovare di pi\u00f9 di quelli consueti]\n\u00a0\n7. Heliod.\u00a0ap.\u00a0Orib.\u00a0Coll.med.\u00a044.8.2-6 [CMG 6.2.1, 122.29-38 \u2013 123.1 Raeder]\u00a0\u2013 IV CE\n\u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f21 \u1f00\u03ba\u03bc\u1f74 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u00a0\u03c4\u03c1\u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u00a0\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03b6\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f78 \u00a0\u1f10\u03c8\u03b9\u03bb\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u1fb6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c6\u03cd\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03c3\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76\u00a0\u03b3\u03b9\u03bd\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9 \u1f21 \u1f10\u03bd\u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1. \u03ba\u1f02\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03c0\u03ad\u03c3\u1fc3 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u1f10\u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u00a0\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9, \u03c4\u1f78\u00a0\u1f14\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ae\u03bb\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03b1\u03b3\u03ad\u03c4\u03c9 \u1f51\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2. \u1f45\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03b4\u03b9\u2019 \u1f45\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u1fb6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03ac\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f24\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9 \u03c4\u03c1\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1, \u1f13\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f15\u03bd, \u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03bd\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f54\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u1fb6\u03c2, \u1f22 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf, \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f54\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2. \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03cc\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f10\u03ba\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u1ff3, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ac\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd\u00a0\u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03ba\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u1fc6\u03c2. \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03c4\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u1fb6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u2019 \u1f13\u03bd \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u1f74 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c0\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9, \u03b5\u1f36\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f15\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u00a0\u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd\u00a0\u1f10\u03ba\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03ad\u03c9\u03bd\u00a0\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9 \u1f45\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd.\n\u00a0[Bisogna appoggiare la punta del trapano alla parte esposta della costola, vicino alle parti sane, e fare l\u2019operazione. Se capita di raggiungere una cavit\u00e0 con forza, la parte piatta della sonda deve toccare sotto la zona trapanata. Tutta la densit\u00e0 della costola deve essere trapanata da parte a parte, e poi si devono fare due fori in tutto, uno per ciascuna costola nel caso in cui la costola sia stretta, oppure due per ciascuna costola se \u00e8 larga. Dobbiamo far s\u00ec che la maniera della trepanazione\u00a0 dei fori corrisponda a quelli della testa, cos\u00ec come la maniera del taglio. Bisogna tagliare la parte pi\u00f9 spessa della costola e lasciare una piccola aderenza; dopo questo, bisogna dividere l\u2019altra costola da parte a parte con l\u2019aiuto dello scalpello]\n\u00a0\n\u00a08. Heliod.\u00a0ap.\u00a0Orib.\u00a0Coll. med.\u00a044.20.12 [CMG 6.2.1, 135.35-38 \u2013 136.1-3 Raeder] (\u03c4\u03c1\u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b7)\n\u03b5\u1f30 \u03b4\u03ad \u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03b6\u03cc\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u1f40\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03c9\u03bd, \u03bf\u1f37\u03bf\u03bd \u03b2\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u1f22 \u03bc\u03b7\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f22 \u03c0\u1fc6\u03c7\u03c5\u03c2 \u1f22 \u03ba\u03bd\u03ae\u03bc\u03b7, \u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03b8\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9, \u03c4\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2\u00a0\u03c4\u03c1\u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u1fc3\u00a0\u03bc\u03ad\u03c7\u03c1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03ae\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2, \u03bf\u1f55\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2\u00a0\u1f10\u03ba\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03b5\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd\u00a0\u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03c4\u1f70\u00a0\u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd. \u03b5\u1f30 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c7\u03c1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03c5\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03b7 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f40\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f10\u03ba\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u1f74\u03bd \u03bc\u03ad\u03c7\u03c1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03c5\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1, \u03bf\u1f50\u03ba \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f78 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03b8\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f10\u03ba\u03ba\u03cc\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2, \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba\u03b1\u03af \u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f00\u03c0\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1fe5\u1fb3\u03b4\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9.\n\u00a0[Se qualcuna delle ossa grandi, cio\u00e8 del braccio, della coscia, dell\u2019avambraccio o della tibia, \u00e8 sofferente per qualche caduta, dopo aver praticato dei fori con un trapano fino alla cavit\u00e0 del midollo, con degli scalpelli, solleveremo le parti cave che sono risultate dalla trapanazione circolare. Se troviamo che l\u2019osso \u00e8 sofferente fino al midollo, e possiamo incidere fino al midollo, non solo dobbiamo incidere la parte sofferente, ma dobbiamo anche includere quella che non \u00e8 danneggiata per far ricrescere facilmente la carne attorno alla parte malata]\n\u00a0\u00a0\n9. Gal.\u00a0ap.\u00a0Orib.\u00a0\u00a0Coll. med.\u00a046.11.11-13 [CMG 6.2.1, 220.22-33 Raeder]\n\u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b7\u03bb\u03c9\u03c4\u03c1\u1f76\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1 \u1f14\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b5\u03b9\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd, \u1f35\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f10\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f10\u03ba \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c8\u03c5\u03c7\u03c1\u1f78\u03bd \u1f55\u03b4\u03c9\u03c1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03b6\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1ff7\u00a0\u03c4\u03c1\u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u1ff3. \u1f45\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c4\u03c1\u1fc6\u03bc\u03b1, \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u03cc\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03ac\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f40\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03bf\u03c5, \u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5 \u1f21 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u00a0\u03c4\u03c1\u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u00a0\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b4\u03af\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03bd\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9, \u1f35\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u1f74 \u1f00\u03b8\u03c1\u03cc\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03b9\u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u00a0\u03c4\u03c1\u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u00a0\u1f21 \u03bc\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b9\u03b3\u03be \u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03b8\u1fc7. \u1f45\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b4\u2019 \u1f24\u03b4\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03b9\u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u1fc7 \u03c4\u1f78\u00a0\u03c4\u03c1\u03cd\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u00a0\u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f24\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u1ff7 \u03bd\u03bf\u03b7\u03b8\u1fc7, \u1f45\u03c4\u03b9 \u1f45\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f40\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03ac\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f22 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f70 \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u1f78\u03bd \u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2, \u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5 \u1f41 \u1f10\u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03b5\u03c5\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b2\u03ac\u03b8\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u1f76\u03c2\u00a0\u03b2\u03b5\u03bb\u03cc\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2\u00a0\u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f00\u03bc\u03b2\u03bb\u1f7a \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2, \u03ba\u1f02\u03bd \u1f14\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c0\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1, \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b9\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u1fd6 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f00\u03ba\u03bc\u1f74\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u00a0\u03c4\u03c1\u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u00a0\u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b2\u03ac\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u1f20\u03c1\u03b5\u03bc\u03b1\u03af\u1fb3 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u1fc7 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c7\u1f72\u03c2 \u1f40\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9.\n\u00a0[Another ear probe is taken for inspection that has wool around the shaft, so that some cold water can be drawn down by the wool, from time to time, drop by drop, from the diastesis right down to the drill. When the hole is deep enough, and the bone has already been drilled, beyond the porous substance, then the drill is rotated more safety, so that the meninges is not damaged due to the sudden descent of the drill; when the drill has already gone down deep, and one assumes that the entire thickness of the bone had been drilled through, or that there is only a thin part left, then the surgeon must examine the depth of the hole, inserting the bevelled part of a thin needle; if there is an undrilled part still remaining, he has to put the drill bit down and then drill the remaining bone still attached by rotating it gently]\n\u00a0\n10. Heliod.\u00a0ap.\u00a0Orib.\u00a0Coll.med.\u00a046.29.8 [CMG 6.2.1, 239.27-31 Raeder] sulla crescita del callo osseo\n\u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03bf\u1f56\u03bd \u03c7\u03b1\u03cd\u03bd\u03b7 \u1f96 \u1f22 \u03c3\u03b7\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03b3\u03ce\u03b4\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f21 \u1f10\u03c0\u03af\u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2, \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2\u00a0\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03bb\u03b9\u03c9\u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03ba\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03b5\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd\u00a0\u1f10\u03ba\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03c4\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9, \u1f45\u03bb\u03b7 \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u00b7 \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4 \u1f96 \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u1f74 \u1f22 \u1f40\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03b4\u03b7\u03c2, \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u00a0\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9\u00a0\u1f21 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f44\u03b3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2, \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u00a0\u03c4\u03c1\u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u00a0\u1f00\u03ba\u03bc\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03b8\u03b5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bf\u1f55\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f21 \u1f10\u03ba\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u1f74 \u03b3\u03b9\u03bd\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9.\n\u00a0[If therefore the excrescence is spongy or porous, the following must be removed immediately with chisels shaped like a scalpel, removing it completely from the base; if however it is compact and bony, first the base of the callus has to be drilled, applying the drill bit in a slightly oblique direction, and thus making\u00a0 the incision]\n\u00a0 \u00a0\n11. Paul.Aeg. 6.22.1 [CMG 9.2, 62.9.-14 Heiberg]\u00a0\u2013 VII CE\n\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u1f72\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f10\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u1f74\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd\u00a0\u03c4\u03c1\u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u1ff3\u00a0\u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f51\u03b3\u03c1\u1f78\u03bd \u1f22 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c0\u1fe6\u03bf\u03bd \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1fe5\u1fd6\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ae\u03b3\u03b1\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u00b7 \u1f21\u03bc\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u1f20\u03c1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2\u00a0\u03b1\u1f30\u03b3\u03b9\u03bb\u03c9\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2, \u1f65\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03b4\u03b1 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03c6\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9 \u1f22 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03c3\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03c9\u03c4\u1ff7 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03c0\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03be\u03b7\u03c1\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b2\u03bf\u03b7\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1.\n[Some, after the excision of the flesh, use a perforator, and make a passage for the fluid or matter to the nose; but we are contented with burning alone, using the cauteries for \u00e6gilops, and burning down until a lamina of bone drop off; and after the burning we have recourse to lentils and honey, or to the application consisting of pomegranate-rind with honey, and other such desiccative remedies (Adams 1846: 284)]\n\u00a0\n\u00a012. Paul.Aeg. 6.88.5 [CMG 9.2, 132.18-22 Heiberg]\n\u03b5\u1f30 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03b2\u03ac\u03b8\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f34\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f40\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03b7\u03b3\u03cc\u03c2\u00a0(\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u1f72 \u03b3\u03b9\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f10\u03bd\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f78 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03c3\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b2\u03b9\u03b1\u03b6\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u1f21\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd),\u00a0\u1f10\u03ba\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03b5\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b9\u00a0\u03c4\u1f78 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b5\u03bb\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u1f40\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd \u1f22 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76\u00a0\u03c4\u03c1\u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2\u00a0\u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03c5\u03c0\u03ae\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2, \u03b5\u1f30 \u03c0\u03ac\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c7\u03bf\u03b9, \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b2\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd.\n\u00a0[If it (scil.\u00a0the weapon) be lodged deep in the bone (which we know by its being so firm that it cannot be shaken with a considerable force) we first remove the remaining part of the bone with a cutting instrument, or bore it with trephines if it has considerable thickness, and thus disengage the weapon (Adams 1846: 420)]\n\u00a0\n[2]\u00a0\u03c4\u03c1\u03cd\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u1f00\u03b2\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\n\u00a0\n13. Gal.\u00a0Meth.med.\u00a06.150-151 [10.447.8-18 K.]\n\u1f30\u03c3\u03c7\u03c5\u03c1\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f40\u03c3\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u1ff6\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2\u00a0\u03c4\u03c1\u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2\u00a0\u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03ac. \u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u1f72\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03ad\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \u1f01\u03bc\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd\u00a0\u1f00\u03b2\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c1\u03cd\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u00a0\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ac\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf. \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b9 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bf\u1f55\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f70 \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c0\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9\u00b7 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03b5\u1fd6 \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u1f10\u03bd \u03ba\u03cd\u03ba\u03bb\u03c9\u0345 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f34\u03c4\u03c5\u03c2; \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u1f54\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u1f78\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c4\u03c1\u03cd\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u1f40\u03be\u03ad\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2. \u03b5\u1f36\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03b4\u03ae\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u1f74 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u1f70 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03b1\u1fe6\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f05\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u00b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c7\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78\u00a0\u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u00a0\u1f01\u03c1\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u00a0\u03c4\u03c1\u03cd\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u00b7 \u1f40\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b6\u03c9 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bf\u1f55\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2 \u1fa7 \u03bc\u03b5\u1fd6\u03b6\u03cc\u03bd \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u1f7a \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u2019\u1f04\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c5\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c2 \u1f34\u03c4\u03c5\u03bf\u03c2\u00b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03ad\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f78\u00a0\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u00b7 \u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03b4\u03ae\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03c9\u0345 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03ba\u1f7a \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f34\u03c4\u03c5\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f14\u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd.\n[But when the bones are particularly strong, perforate them with the trephines. Some equip themselves with nonplunging trephines so they never make a mistake. They name them in this way because they don\u2019t plunge in, there being an outer rim which runs around in a circle and is raised up slightly above the sharp edge of the trephine.\u00a0 Of course, there must also be many of these trephines prepared, to take into account every thickness of the skull. For those skulls that are thicker, the larger trephine is adequate. I term them thus based on how much more the distance is between the sharp edge [of the trephine] and the encircling [protective] rim. In those skulls that are thinner, the smaller [trephine] suffices. There is, of course, less space in these between the [sharp] edge and the [protective] rim (Johnston-Horsley 2011: 221)]\n\u00a0\n14. Paul.Aeg. 6.90.5 [CMG 9.2, 139.21-27 \u2013 140.1-3 Heiberg]\n\u03b5\u1f30 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f30\u03c3\u03c7\u03c5\u03c1\u1f78\u03bd \u03b5\u1f34\u03b7 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f40\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd, \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03c5\u03c0\u03ae\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2\u00a0\u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f00\u03b2\u03b1\u03c0\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2\u00a0(\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1\u1fe6\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f14\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u1f78\u03bd \u1f10\u03c3\u03c9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f00\u03ba\u03bc\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03be\u03bf\u03c7\u1f70\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c9\u03bb\u03c5\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03bc\u03ae\u03bd\u03b9\u03b3\u03b3\u03b1 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c0\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9) \u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd\u00a0\u1f10\u03ba\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03ad\u03c9\u03bd\u00a0\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03b8\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f40\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd \u1f00\u03c6\u03b5\u03bb\u03ce\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1, \u03bc\u1f74 \u1f00\u03b8\u03c1\u03cc\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u1f70 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2, \u03b5\u1f30 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03cd\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2, \u03b5\u1f30 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u1f74 \u1f40\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u0345 \u1f22 \u1f40\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u0345 \u1f22 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03af\u03b4\u03b9 \u1f22 \u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03c9\u0345 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03af.\n\u03c4\u1f78 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u1f7a \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03bd \u1f10\u03c7\u03ad\u03c4\u03c9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1, \u1f45\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u1f78 \u03bc\u1fc6\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u1fc6\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03ae\u03bb\u03b7\u03c2, \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03b2\u03ac\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2, \u1f04\u03c7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f57 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03af\u03bf\u03bd \u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f14\u03bd\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f40\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03bf\u03c5, \u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u1f21\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f05\u03c8\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f78\u00a0\u03c4\u03c1\u03cd\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u00a0\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ae\u03bd\u03b9\u03b3\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2.\n[If the bone be strong it is to be first perforated with that kind of perforators called abaptistae, which have certain eminences projecting a little above the point that prevent them from sinking down to the membrane, and then, by using the chisels, we remove the fractured bone not at once, but by pieces, if possible with the fingers, or otherwise with a tooth forceps, or bone forceps, or hair-nippers, or some such instrument. The space between the perforations should be as great as the breadth of the largest head of a specillum, and its depth should be until it is near the inner surface of the bone, taking care that the perforator (trepan?) do not touch the membrane (Adams 1846: 431-432)]"},{"@type":"C.  COMMENTARY","@lang":"en","@value":"1. \u03c4\u03c1\u03cd\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd and its sources\nIn Graeco-Roman surgery there were two types of drill[1], suitable for surgical operations. The first model had to be a sharp, strong drill, also called pereterios or choinikis[2], and had a circular or crown shape[3]; it was used in the removal of fairly small portions of diseased bones, usually from the skull or chin. This operation was done by drilling several holes in a circle around the damaged parts, which were then joined with the help of a chisel or scraper, allowing the diseased bone section to be removed. The drilling of the skull, far from being the prerogative of Greek medical culture, was very common in many ancient populations, both for medical and magical-religious reasons; presumably, this type of operation was carried out with instruments that did not have to differ much from those of the\u00a0 Greco-Roman object of study.[4]\n\u00a0\nAlthough the surgical drill could also be activated manually it rotated slower and thus had an inferior penetration capacity. Nevertheless the drill included the use of a strap as well which, wrapped around the instrument shaft, would make it rotate when pulled; this technique was adopted by the medical profession from the technology developed in carpentry and perfected by craftsmen in order to work wood or metals[5]. A precise description of the three ways in which the strap could be used is given in a text of the VIDIUS of 1544 (see also MILNE 1907: 127).[6]\n\u00a0\nThe second type of \u03c4\u03c1\u03cd\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd , called \u03ac\u03b2\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd,[7] was used in bone surgery of some magnitude, which however, required special attention in order not to go too deeply into the bone when drilling, as in operations on the flat bones of the cranial cavity; the abaptiston drill, thanks to a sort of \u2018stop collar\u2019 at a certain length of the rod, would prevent [the drill] accidentally damaging the brain.[8]\n\u00a0\nAs presented above among the testimonia, P.Strasb. inv. 1187 illustrates a bone surgery operation performed with the combined use of \u03c4\u03c1\u03cd\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd and \u03ad\u03ba\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03b5\u03cd\u03c2,[9] so it is refers to the remark of the papyrus in the reference section of the term \u03ad\u03ba\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03b5\u03cd\u03c2. In addition, the term \u03c4\u03c1\u03cd\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd has been given as a misspelling and amendment of \u03c4\u03c1\u03c5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd in P.Oxy. 14.1674 by Jones, in his new edition of the papyrus after Grenfell and Hunt\u2019s editio princeps\u00a0(who read \u03c4\u03c1\u03c5c\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd ), in a totally non-medical context.[10]\n\u00a0\n2. \u03c4\u03c1\u03cd\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd word and object\nArchaeological evidence does not seem to have brought to light examples of hand-held drills, nor\u00a0 models of arc drills, probably because the iron components have been corroded over time.[11]\n\u00a0\n1) In addition to being operated manually, the drill could be rotated by means of straps attached to the shaft[12]. The three main ways in which the abaptiston surgical drill was operated are described in the Surgery of VIDIUS and reported in MILNE 1907: 127. The first method consisted simply in wrapping a strap around the drill shaft and then pulling the head free to rotate the instrument. The second involves a bow with a string\u00a0 of a bow wound once round the shaft \u201cof a bow with the string of the bow wound once round the shaft\u201d. The third makes use of a piece of metal placed transversally to the drill with a hole in the centre through which the shaft can be passed, with straps running from the end of the crossbar to the tip of the shaft.\n\u00a0\n2) The tomb of the doctor of Bingen has yielded two specimens of \u03c7\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03af\u03c2 and\/or \u03c0\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd and, according to Como, they could be the first specimens found at the beginning of the 19th century[13]; the description is then looked into further by KUNZL (1983: 20-21 and 84 fig. 59 nn. 1-5) and by BLIQUEZ (2015: 189): \"[a] pair of copper alloy crown strands came to light in the instrumentation of the surgeon of Bingen (Fig. 47). They are equipped with the removable centering pins mentioned by Celsus. One is slightly larger than the other and the number of teeth is different on each of them. The perforations through which the bow strap\/thong has been passed are preserved, but neither is equipped with the chuck to be gripped by the operator. This suggests that the chucks may have been made of perishable material, most likely wood. Preserved along with these crown drills is the bow or aris that drove them\u201d.\n\u00a0\n3) Some specimens of instruments used in bone surgery, about forty, were found in the excavations of the \"Surgeon's House\" in Rimini[14]: among them, although fused in a metal cluster, a folding handle of a bow drill is distinguishable.[15]\n\u00a0\n4) To conclude the presentation of the realia of the various types of drills, a brief mention must be made of an exceptional find from Fidene. In a rare example of a coming together between written evidence, realia and paleopathological evidence, in the cemetery near Rome, the skull of a child dating back to the second\u00a0 century AD was brought to light, in which were evident traces of a surgical operation on the skull, probably performed with the support of a \u03c4\u03c1\u03cd\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd (probably \u03ac\u03b2\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd) or, as suggested by MARIANI COSTANTINI\/CATALANO\/DI GENNARO\/DI TOTA\/ANGELETTI (2000: 306), with \"a blunt-edged surgical instrument, possibly a chisel\" (\u1f10\u03ba\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03b5\u03cd\u03c2 in Greek). As pointed out by JACKSON (2003: 319) \u201c[i]t has been possible to determine that the child had suffered from an intra-cranial expanding (hydrocephalus)\u201d, had been quite intensively cared for over a prolonged period, and probably, as a last resort, had undergone an operation (cranial trepanation) to open the skull despite which the child died, probably quite soon afterwards\".[16] Presumably the operation\u00a0 which the child had undergone, as Jackson hypothesizes, is the one presented by Galen (Gal. Meth. med. 6.150 [10.446.12-18K.]. vd. among the evidence is the case [13]), in which the use of the drill is an alternative and contextual to that of the simple \u1f10\u03ba\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03cd\u03c2 and \u03ba\u03c5\u03ba\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2; if so, the type of 'gouge' used in this operation could be of the same type as those found in Rimini.[17]\n\u00a0\n\n\n[1] Vd. BLIQUEZ 1984: 203; 1984: 185-189; JACKSON 1987: 417ss.; KRUG 1990: 101-103; MILNE 1907:126-130. In his most recent paper, Bliquez translates 'trephine' as the cylindrical or crown drill and 'trepan' as the \u03c4\u03c1\u03cd\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03ac\u03b2\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd, 'for the sake of convenience', specifying in note, however, that '[t]he term trepan is sometimes applied to both types as in the Oxford English Dictionary and Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary (28th ed., 1994)'. (BLIQUEZ 2015: 186). The history of the two terms is particularly interesting: the 'trephine' was invented by John Woodall of St. Bartholomew's Hospital between 1630 and 1636; the particular feature of this instrument was that it was rotated more by the action of the wrist than the whole hand, and the drill tip was slightly conical, to avoid sinking too much into the flesh. The name derives from a characteristic of the handle, which had \"two ends shaped so that they could be used as bone levers to elevate fragments. This gave the instrument its name, 'tres fines', Latin for ' three points', referring to the two ends of the handle and the removable centre pin [...]. Its spelling was soon 'Greeked' to trephine, because Greek was very prestigious, even if most surgeons of the time were literate tradesmen who knew little Latin and less Greek\" (MARTIN 1995:261-262). The two terms, however, were destined to overlap a little later: \"[s]oon after Woodall invented his improved instrument, the word trepan fell into disrepute. There was a slang word 'trepan' current at the time that meant to trick or deceive. Suggesting that a trepan was needed did not inspire patients, so within 70 years 'trephine' and 'trepan' were hopelessly confused, and have stayed that way in English ever since\".\n\n\n[2] Gal. Ling. s. dict. exolet. expl. 19.129.15 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u1ff3: \u03c4\u03c1\u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u1ff3 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03b5\u1f50\u03b8\u03b5\u1fd6 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f40\u03be\u03b5\u1fd6\u00b7 \u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f15\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u1f21 \u03c7\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03af\u03c2.\n\n\n[3] The different types of drill (whose generic name is terebrum) are precisely described, as well as in Greek medical literature, also in Cels. 8.3.1 [CML 1, 374.23-28 - 375.1-3 Marx]: exciditur verso os duobus modis: si parvulum est. quod laesum est, modiolo, quam \u03c7\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1 graeci vocant; si spatiosius, terebris. Utriusque rationem proponam. Modiolus ferramentum concavum, teres est, imis oris serratum, per quod medium clavus ipse quoque interiore orbe cinctus demittitor. Terebrarum autem duo genera sunt: alterum simile ei. quo fabri utuntur, altermm capituli longioris; quod ab acuto mucrone incipit. dein subito latius fit. atque iterum ab alio principio paulo minus quam aequaliter sursum procedit. For the use of instruments in bone surgery in Celsus see JACKSON 1994: 190-195.\n\n\n[4] Vd. BLIQUEZ 2015: 187. Some perforated skulls of Celtic origin, found in several Austrian sites (Durrnberg, Katzelsdorf, Guntramsdorf), dated to the 3rd-2nd century B.C., might have been operated with Roman type crown drills; for more details see KUNZL 1995: 222-223 and BREITWIESER 2003: 149.\n\n\n[5] According to BLIQUEZ (2015: 187 and n. 448), a red-figure attic vase found in Chiusi, dated between the last quarter of the sixth and the first half of the fifth century BC. (number CAVI 201642) would have as subject a carpenter in the act of using a belt drill. The vase is visible at the following link in Beazley's database: http:\/\/www.beazley.ox.ac.uk\/xdb\/ASP\/browse.asp?tableName=qryData&newwindow=&BrowseSes\nsion=1&companyPage=Contacts&newwindowsearchclosefrombrowse=\n\n\n[6] About Guido Guidi see PAZZINI (1948: 83): \u201cSurgeon and anatomist. Translated and commented Greek treatises. Called Vidius Vidi in Latin. Born in Florence at the beginning of the XVI century. At age of 35 years was introduced to court of Francis I, gaining in Paris an excellent reputation. He then went to Tuscany (1547) where he held the professorship in Pisa, the appointment as doctor of Cosimo I and several ecclesiastical benefits. He was a renowned surgeon and anatomist. His surgical work includes the translation of some Hippocratic books (De ulceribus fistulis et vulneribus capitis, De fracturis, articulis et Medici officina), with the commentaries of Galen (the Galenic book De fasciis and that of Oribasio De laqueis et de machinamentis). Guido died in 1569\".\n\n\n[7] The adjective, although well attested, as reliable, in\u00a0 late and Christian writings, is not very frequent in medical writings; it appears only in the passages of Galen and Paul of Aegina reported among the testimonia. In Latin, the \u03c4\u03c1\u03cd\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u1f00\u03b2\u03ac\u03b2\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd is called terebra by Celsus, who recommends it in more invasive operations than those carried out with the modiolus alone: (8.3.3-4 [CML 1, 375.13-21 Marx]) at si latius vitium est quam ut illo comprebendatur, terebra res agenda est. Ea foramen fit in ipso fine vitiosi ossis atque integri; deinde alterum non ita longe, tertiumque, donec totus is locus qui excidendus est his cavis cinctus sit. Atque ibi quoque, quaternus terebra agenda sit, scobis significat. Tum excisorius scalper ab altero foramine ad alterum malleolo adactus id quod inter utrumque medium est excidit; ac sic ambitus similis et fit qui in angustiorem orbem modiolo imprimitur. The term appears also in the Byzantine writers of medicine, so see BLIQUEZ 1984: 198.\n\n\n[8] The type of drill \u1f00\u03b2\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd is explained in the lexicon of Hesychius (a 69) as, \u03c4\u03c1\u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u0390\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f30\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b0, so that it is clearly distinguished from that of handicraft use; moreover the terebella abaptista is also placed as lemma in the Lexicon Medicum of CASTELLI (1 s.v.): \"Abaptista, Terebella est, qua in fracturis capitis (quae usque ad cerebri membranam pervenerunt, quando id quod contusum est. excidi debet) utimur. Cui Terebella (ne dum Medici eam audiacius tractantes duram membranam, quae ossi substernitur, violent) supra eius acutam cuspidem, parum extans efformant, quam Terebella quod mergi non possit, ab argumento Abaptistam vocant, ex \u03b1 et \u03b2\u03b1\u03c0\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03c9 (Gal 6. Meth. cap. 6)\u201d.\n\n\n[9] The integration at ll. 9-10 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03c4\u03c1\u03c5|[\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u1ff3] has been proposed by FAUSTI 1989, from paralleling with some surgical operations made with both drill and chiesel as in Gal. Meth. med. 6.150 [10.446.12-18 K.] (see [2] among the evidence of \u03ad\u03ba\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03b5\u03cd\u03c2);\u00a0 in the editio princeps of LEWIS 1936, in fact, reads \u03c4\u03ce \u03c4\u03c1\u03c5 | [\u00a0 ].\n\n\n[10] JONES 2012 proposed the \u03c4\u03c1\u03c5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd reading as a regularisation of the erroneous reading \u03c4\u03c1\u03c5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd, correction from \u03c4\u03c1\u03c5c\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd after an autoptic analysis of the papyrus: the context is that of a letter of Theon writing instructions to his son Apollonius to cut an acacia and throw the wood in a \u03c4\u03c1\u03c5c\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd (r. 5, reading GRENFELL\/HUNT 1920: 132-133). The reading \u03c4\u03c1\u03c5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd indicates\u00a0 the term as \"a synonym for \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03b5\u0390\u03bf\u03bd, which although more commonly meaning 'fire sticks' can denote 'earthen pan for coals' (LSJ 1556b) - a vessel in which something is burned\" (JONES 2012: 271). According to Jones, in this context, \u03c4\u03c1\u03cd\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd could indicate the small drill which was pierced with sticks to make a fire, or a vessel to burn fuel in, especially given the indication to throw acacia wood into something (rr. 4-5 \u03c4\u03ae\u03bd \u1f55\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78\u0323\u03bd\u0323 | \u03c4\u0323\u03c1\u0323\u03c5\u0323\u03c0\u0323\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd).\n\n\n[11] \u201cAs to material survivals, no example of a hand-operated modiolus\/trephine can be authenticated, though Meyer Steineg made a claim for a piece in his collection. This accords with the lack of testimony to its use in the literature. The same is true of bow driven trepan bits, as not one has been recovered in a surgical context. The reason may be that bits of this kind were of iron and, like other tools of this material, have rusted away\u201d (BLIQUEZ 2015: 188).\n\n\n[12] \u201cTrephines and trepans could be rotated by hand; or they could be spun more rapidly by wrapping them with a strap or thong that could then be drawn by the free hand. Details in the sources on these maneuvers are scarce; but clearly the most efficient method of operating, and probably the one generally preferred, was to insert the drills into chucks, wrap them with a thong and then work the strap back and forth with a bow, exactly as the drills employed by wood and metal workers, from whom this method must have been borrowed\u201d (BLIQUEZ 2015: 187-188).\n\n\n[13] \u201cZwei Knochenbohrer, auch \u2018Krontrepan\u2019 genannt (gr. \u03c7\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03af\u03c2 u. \u03c0\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd, lat. modiolus); der untere Rand des Zylinders ist scharf gezahnt; im Zylinder von 1 befinden sich zwei kreuzweise eingefu\u0308gte Pl\u00e4ttchen mit einem Dorn in der Mitte; am Ende des Bohrers 1 sind zwei gegenu\u0308berliegende \u00d6sen, in denen eine fiedelbogenartige Drille sa\u00df oder ein Holzgriff befestigt war. [\u2026] Wohl wird er in der antiken Medizin genannt, aber bisher scheint er noch nirgends gefunden worden zu sein; im Nationalmuseum zu Neapel fehlt er bei den medizinischen Instrumenten auch\u201d (COMO 1925: 160-161).\n\n\n[14] Vd. JACKSON 2003: 316 (fig. 2)-317.\n\n\n[15] Other minor examples could be found in Colophon instrumentarium (CATON 1914: 116, Fig. 46), in Marcianopoli\u2019 House (MINCHEV 1983: 146; KIROVA 2002: 81 e 86), at the British Museum (CATON 1914: 117) and in the Berlin Antikenmuseum (JACKSON 2005: 105, unprovenienced).\n\n\n[16] ANGELETTI\/GAZZANIGA 2008: 38-40 e MARIANI-COSTANTINI\/CATALANO\/DI GENNARO\/DI TOTA\/ANGELETTI 2000: 305-307.\n\n\n[17] \u201cA latex mould of the cranial surface in the region of the trepanation demonstrated a close match between the dimensions and profile of the grooved channel and those of the cutting edge of the slenderest Rimini gouge. There can be little doubt that this was the type of instrument used by healer operating on the Fidenae child\u201d (JACKSON 2003: 319).\n\n"},{"@type":"D.  BIBLIOGRAPHY","@lang":"en","@value":"P.Strasb. inv. 1187\nEditions: LEWIS 1936: 90-92, n. 8; FAUSTI 1989; MARGANNE 1998: 67-84;\nStudies: K\u00d6RTE 1938: 128, n. 915; ANDORLINI 1993: 495, n. 54; GHIRETTI 2010: 159-162.\n\u00a0\nGeneral bibliography\n\u00a0\nAdams, F. (1846), The Seven Books of Paulus \u00c6gineta, translated from the Greek with a Commentary embracing a complete view of the Knowledge possessed by the Greeks, Romans and Arabics on all subjects connected with Medicine and Surgey, by Francis Adams, in three volumes, London.\nAndorlini, I. (1993), L\u2019apporto dei papiri alla conoscenza della scienza medica antica, A.N.R.W. II 37.1 Berlin-New York, 458-562.\nAngeletti, L.R. \/ Gazzaniga, V. (2008), Alla ricerca dell\u2019eccellenza: la professione medica a Roma, in Atti del Convegno internazionale \u2018Medici e pazienti nell\u2019antica Roma\u2019 (Rimini, 12 giugno 2008), \u00abBollettino dell\u2019Ordine dei Medici Chirurghi e degli Odontoiatri della Provincia di Rimini\u00bb 9, 1-2, 25-43.\nBeekes, R., EDG, Etymological Dictionary of Greek, I-II, Leiden-Boston, 2010.\nBertonazzi, F. (2018), \u201cLa trapanazione cranica nell\u2019Antichit\u00e0: alcuni casi nella letteratura medica e (forse) in un papiro greco\u201d, in \u201cParlare la medicina. Fra lingue e culture nello spazio e nel tempo\u201d, Atti del convegno internazionale, Universit\u00e0 di Parma, 5-7 settembre 2016, a cura di N. Reggiani e F. Bertonazzi, Milano, pp. 89-112.\nBertonazzi F. (2019),\u00a0\u201cDigital edition of P.Strasb. inv. 1187: between the papyrus and the indirect tradition\u201d,\u00a0Proceedings of 28th International Congress of Papyrology, Barcelona 2016, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2019, pp. 857-871.\nBliquez, L.J. (1984), Two Lists of Greek Surgical Instruments and the State of Surgery in Byzantine Times, \u00abDumbarton Oaks Papers\u00bb 36, 187-204.\nBliquez, L.J. (2015), The tools of Asclepius. Surgical Instruments in Greek and Roman Times, Leiden-Boston.\nBliquez, L.J. \/ Jackson, R. (1994), Roman Surgical Instruments and Minor Objects in the National Archaeological Museum of Naples, with a Catalogue of the Surgical Instruments in the Antiquarium at Pompeii by Ralph Jackson, Mainz.\nBreitwieser, R. (2003), Celtic Trepanation in Austria, in Trepanation: History, Discovery, Theory, eds. R. Arnott, S. Finger, C.U.M. Smith, Lisse, The Netherlands, 147-153.\nCastelli, B. (1665), Lexicon Medicum Gr\u00e6co-Latinum, a Batholom\u00e6o Castello Messanense inchoatum. Nunc vero in commodum publicum Opera et Studio Adriani Ravesteini, Art. Med. Doct., ex Hippocr. Galen. Avicenn. atque aliorum Celeberrimorum Medicorum Monumentis, Roterodami, 1665.\nCaton, R. (1914), Notes on a Group of Medical and Surgical Instruments found near Kolophon, \u00abJournal of Hellenic Studies\u00bb 34, 114-118.\nChantraine, P., DELG, Dictionnaire \u00e9tymologique de la langue grecque, I-II, Paris, 1968-1980.\nChantraine, P. (1933), La formation des noms en grec ancien, Paris.\nComo, J. (1925), Das Grab eines r\u00f6mischen Arztes in Bingen, \u00abGermania\u00bb 9, 152-162.\nDaremberg, C. (1851-1876), OEuvres d\u2019Oribase. Texte grec en grande partie in\u00e9dit collationn\u00e9 sur les manuscrits, traduit pour la premi\u00e8re fois en fran\u00e7ais par les Drs Bussemaker et Daremberg, Paris.\nDe Benedittis, G. (1995), Molise, repertorio delle iscrizioni latine, vol. I Bovianum, Campobasso.\nDi Benedetto, V. (1986), Il medico e la malattia. La scienza di Ippocrate, Torino.\nDESTM, Dizionario etimologico storico dei termini medici, a c. di E. Marcovecchio, Impruneta, 1993.\nDESLI, Dizionario etimologico-semantico della lingua italiana. Come nascono le parole, a c. di M. Alinei e F. Benozzo, Bologna, 2015.\nDISC, Dizionario italiano Sabatini Coletti, Firenze, 2008 [http:\/\/dizionari.corriere.it\/dizionario_italiano\/].\nFausti, D. (1989), P.Strasb. inv. gr. 1187: testo chirurgico (Eliodoro?), in Annali della Facolt\u00e0 di Lettere e Filosofia, Firenze 10, 157-169.\nFischer, K.-D. (1989), \u2018Universorum ferramentorum nomina\u2019. Fru\u0308hmittelalterliche Listen chirurgischer Instrumente und ihr griechisches Vorbild, in Mittellateinisches Jahrbuch, Internationale Zeitschrift fu\u0308r Medi\u00e4vistik 22, eds. W. Berschin, P. Dronke, P. Von Moos, J. Stolhmann, J. Sz\u00f6v\u00e9rffy, Stuttgart, 28-44.\nFrisk, H., GEW, Griechisches etymologisches W\u00f6rterbuch, I-III, Heidelberg, 1954-1979.\nGhiretti, G. (2010), Luoghi e strumenti della professione medica antica. La testimonianza dei papiri greci d\u2019Egitto, \u00abPapyrotheke\u00bb 1 [http:\/\/dspace-unipr.cineca.it\/handle\/1889\/1493].\nGrenfell, B.P. \/ Hunt, A.S. (1920), Letter to Theon to his Son Apollonius, P.Oxy. XIV 1674, Oxyrhynchus Papyri, part XIV, 132-133.\nJackson, R. (1986), A Set of Roman Medical Instruments from Italy, \u00abBritannia\u00bb 17, 119-167.\nJackson, R. (1987), A Set of Surgical Instruments from Roman Italy, in Arch\u00e9ologie et M\u00e9decine, VII\u00e9me Rencontres Internationales d\u2019Arch\u00e9ologie et d\u2019Histoire d\u2019Antibes (23-25 octobre 1986), Juan-les-Pins, 413-428.\nJackson, R. (1994), The surgical instruments, appliances and equipment in Celsus\u2019 De medicina, in La m\u00e9dicine de Celse. Aspects historiques, scientifiques et litt\u00e9raires, Centre Jean-Palerne, M\u00e9moires XIII, eds. G. Sabbah, Ph. Mudry, Saint-\u00c9tienne, 167-209.\nJackson, R. (2003), The Domus \u2018del chirurgo\u2019 at Rimini: an Interim Account of the Medical Assemblage, \u00abJournal of Roman Archaeology\u00bb 16, 1, 312-321.\nJackson, R. (2005), Holding on to Health? Bone Surgery and instrumentation in the Roman Empire, in Health in Antiquity, ed. H. King, London-New York, 97-119.\nJohnston, I. \/ Horsley, G.R.H. (2011), Galen, Method of medicine. Edited and translated by Ian Johnston and G.H.R. Horsley, Cambridge-London.\nJones, B.C. (2012), What is a \u03c4\u03c1\u03c5\u03f2\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd? A fresh look at P.Oxy. XIV 1674, \u00abArchiv fu\u0308r Papyrusforschung\u00bb 58\/2, 269-272.\nKirova, N. (2002), Specialized Medical Instruments from Bulgaria in the Context of Finds from Other Roman Provinces (I\u2013IV C ad), \u00abArchaeologia Bulgarica\u00bb 6, 1, 73-94.\nK\u00f6rte, A. (1938), n. 915, \u00abArchiv fu\u0308r Papyrusforschung\u00bb13, 128.\nK\u00f6rte, A. (1941), nn. 1014 e 1017, \u00abArchiv fu\u0308r Papyrusforschung\u00bb14, 145.\nKrug, A. (1990), Medicina nel mondo classico, Firenze.\nKu\u0308nzl, E. (1983), Medizinische Instrumente aus Sepulkralfunden der r\u00f6mischen Kaiserzeit, Bonn.\nKu\u0308nzl, E. (1996), Forschungsbericht zu den antiken medizinischen Instrumenten, in Aufstieg und Niedergang der r\u00f6mischen Welt , Part. II: Principat, Vol. 37,3, eds. W. Haase, H. Temporini, Berlin-New York, 2434-2639.\nLewis, N. (1936), \u00c9tudes de papyrologie, III, Le Caire.\nLM, Lexicon Medicum Anglicum, Russicum, Gallicum, Germanicum, Latinum, Polonum, pod redakcja Doc. Dra Med. Boleslawa Zlotnickiego, Warsawa, 1971.\nMarganne, M.-H. (1987), Les instruments chirurgicaux de l\u2019\u00c9gypte gr\u00e9co-romaine, in Arch\u00e9ologie et M\u00e9decine, VII\u00e9me\u00a0Rencontres Internationales d\u2019Arch\u00e9ologie et d\u2019Histoire d\u2019Antibes (23-25 octobre 1986), Juan-les-Pins, 403-412.\nMarganne, M.-H. (1994), La r\u00e9duction des luxations de l\u2019\u00e9paule dans le De medicina de Celse, in La m\u00e9dicine de Celse. Aspects historiques, scientifiques et litt\u00e9raires, Centre Jean-Palerne, M\u00e9moires XIII, eds. G. Sabbah, Ph. Mudry, Saint-\u00c9tienne, 123-133.\nMarganne, M.-H. (1998), La chirurgie dans l'\u00c9gypte gr\u00e9co-romaine d'apr\u00e8s les papyrus litt\u00e9raires grecs, Leiden-Boston-K\u00f6ln.\nMariani-Costantini, R. \/ Catalano, P. \/ di Gennaro, F. \/ di Tota, G. \/ Angeletti, L.R. (2000), New light on cranial surgery in ancient Rome, \u00abLancet\u00bb 355, 305-307.\nMartin, G. (1995), Trepanation in the South Pacific, \u00abJournal of Clinical Neuroscience\u00bb 2, 3, 257-264.\nMilne, H.J. (1907), Surgical Instruments in Greek and Roman Times, Oxford.\nMinchev, A. (1982), Roman Medicine in Marcianopolis, in Concilium Eirene XVI. Proceedings of the 16th International Eirene Conference, Prague 31.8.\u20134.9.1982, Prague, vol. 2, 143-148.\nPazzini, A. (1948), Bio-bibliografia di storia della chirurgia, Roma.\nPokorny, J. Indogermanisches etymologisches W\u00f6rterbuch, Tu\u0308bingen-Berne-Munich, 1957-1969 (prima ed.), 2005 (5\u00b0 ed.).\nRoberts, C.H. (1938), Catalogue of the Greek and Latin Papyri in the John Rylands Library of Manchester, III, Manchester.\nSch\u00f6ne, H. (1903), Zwei Listen chirurgischer Instrumente, \u00abHermes\u00bb 38, 280-284.\nTabanelli, M. (1958), Lo strumento chirurgico e la sua storia, Forl\u00ec.\nTurner, E.G. (1975), Early Papyrus Codices of Large Size, in Proceedings of the XIV International Congress of Papyrologists, London, 309-312.\nTurner, E.G. (1977), The Typology of Early Codex, Philadelphia.\nVidius, V. (1544), Chirurgia e Gr\u00e6co in Latinum conversa, Vido Vidio Florentino interprete, cum nonnullis eiusdem Vidij comentaijs. Cum privilegijs Rom. Pontificis, Galliarum Regis et Ducis Ferrari\u00e6, quorum exemplum indici librorum subiecimus, Paris.\nVulpes, B. (1847), Illustrazione di Tutti gli Strumenti chirurgici Scavati in Ercolano e in Pompei, etc., Napoli."},{"@type":"E.  CPGM reference(s)","@lang":"en","@value":"P. Strasb. 1187"},{"@type":"AUTHOR","@lang":"en","@value":"Francesca Bertonazzi"}]}