{"tema_id":"181","string":"\u03ba\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1","created":"2016-10-24 16:55:47","code":null,"modified":"2016-10-24 17:11:52","notes":[{"@type":"variants","@lang":"en","@value":"Var. \u03ba\u03b1\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1; dim. \u03ba\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd, \u03ba\u03b1\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd\nLat. cauter, cauterium, ferrum (candens), ferramentum (candens)"},{"@type":"GENERAL DEFINITION","@lang":"en","@value":"The \u03ba\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1 (\u2018cautery\u2019) is a heavy-duty surgical instrument normally used for burning injured tissues and arresting haemorrhage. It was frequently composed of iron thanks to its heat resistance, but some items were made in copper alloy and also in silver and gold.\u00a0"},{"@type":"A. LANGUAGE BETWEEN TEXT AND CONTEXT","@lang":"en","@value":"1-2. Etymology and general linguistic commentary\n\u00a0\nThe derivation of \u03ba\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1 from the verb \u03ba\u03b1\u03af\u03c9 (\u2018to burn\u2019) is generally admitted by modern etymological dictionaries[1]; however the etymology of the verb has been discussed by many scholars: Pokorny[2] suggests that it came from the Indo-European root k\u0302\u0113u-2, k\u0302\u01ddu-, k\u0302\u016b- (\u2018to shine\u2019), linked to the semantics of light and\/or burning, like Armenian \u0161ukh (\u2018radiance, splendour, fame\u2019) and the Old Indian \u015bumbhati (\u2018it shines\u2019).\nThe related semantic field comprehends words from different technical languages, in particular from artistic and medical ones. In art, terms like \u1f14\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1, \u1f14\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2, \u1f10\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2, \u1f14\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 refer to the technique of encaustic painting. In surgery, we find \u03ba\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd (\u2018very small cautery\u2019) and the denominative verb \u03ba\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03c9 (\u2018br\u00fbler, caut\u00e9riser\u2019)[3].\n\u00a0\n\u00a0\n3. Abbreviations in the papyri: \nNo abbreviated form had appeared, as yet; however we find the diminutive forms\n\u03ba\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd in P. BGU II 469 as well as in P.Lond.Lit. 166 and P. Ross. Georg. I 20.\n\u03ba\u03b1\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd in P.Lond. 2.391.8 (Lsj9 932)\n\n\n[1] Chantraine 481, Beekes 618, Boisacq 393-4, Frisk 756-7 s.v. \u03ba\u03b1\u03af\u03c9\n\n\n[2] Pokorny 595 s.v. k\u0302\u0113u-2, k\u0302\u01ddu-, k\u0302\u016b-.\n\n\n[3] Chantraine 481 s.v. \u03ba\u03b1\u03af\u03c9\n\n"},{"@type":"B.  TESTIMONIA - A selection of representative sources","@lang":"en","@value":"1. Hp. Int. 25 [VII 230, 16-21 L.] (V-IV BCE)\n\u03ba\u1f22\u03bd \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f05\u03bb\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f22\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u1f74, \u1f41\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03bc\u03ad\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f26\u0345 \u1f41 \u03c3\u03bb\u1f74\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bf\u1f30\u03b4\u03ad\u03b7\u0345 \u03bc\u03ac\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1, \u03ba\u03b1\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03cd\u03ba\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9, \u03c4\u1f70\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u1f70\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u1f7c\u03bd, \u1f22 \u03c3\u03b9\u03b4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03b9\u03c3\u03b9, \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2, \u1f45\u03ba\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03b7\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u0345\u03c2.\nSi ces moyens \u00f4tent le mal, c\u2019est bien; sinon, quand la rate a le plus de volume et est le plus gonfl\u00e9e, on fera, avec des champignons ou le fer, des caut\u00e9risations qui comprendront les extr\u00e9mit\u00e9s de la rate; on aura le plus grand soin \u00e0 ce que la caut\u00e9risation ne transperce pas (VII 231, 19-24 L.)\n\u00a0\n2. IG II2 1534, fr. A, r. 61[1] (274-273 BCE)\n\u1f10\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u1f75\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03bf\u1fd6\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd \u1f43 \u1f00\u03bd\u03ad\u03b8\u03b7\u03b5\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd \u039a\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03af\u03bc\u03b1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 \u0398\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2\nA hollow cauterizing instrument which Kallimachos Thymaitades dedicated (Aleshire 1989: 200)\n\u00a0\n3. O. Berenike II 131, r. 6 (50-75 CE)\n\u03ba\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf\nTwo cauteries\n\u00a0\n4. BGU II 469, r. 7 (159-160 CE)\n\u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u0345 \u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03b8\u03b9 (lege \u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9) \u03ba\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae[\u03c1]\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd\n(A brand made by a) cautery on the breastbone\n\u00a0\n5. SB\u00a0 XXIV 16171, r. 11 (= P.Euphr. 10, 26 May 250)\n\u1f14\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5|\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u27e8\u03b5\u27e9\u1fd6\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03bc\u03b7\u03c1\u1ff7 \u03b4\u03b5\u03be\u03b9\u1ff7\nHaving a brand made by a cautery on the right-hand leg\n\u00a0\n6. P.Oxy. XLIII 3144,\u00a0 r. 8 (23 July 313)\n\u1f14\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03be\u03b9\u1f78\u03bd \u03c0\u03cc\u03b4\u03b1 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c2 \u03c8\u03c5\u03c4\u0323\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 (lege \u03c8\u03c5\u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2)\nHaving a cold brand in s-shape on the right-hand foot\n\u00a0\n7. P.Lond.Lit. 166, col. II, rr. 12-39 \u2013 col. III, rr. 1-5 (II CE)[2]\nT\u1ff6\u03bd | [\u03bc\u03ad]\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b5 \u1f40\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd \u03bf\u1f31 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03f2\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc|\u03c4\u0323[\u03b5]\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b7\u03f2\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03f2 \u1f00\u03f2\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1|[\u03b3]\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03f2\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03f2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03af\u03ba\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 | [\u03c4]\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd\u0323 \u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03c5\u03bd \u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03af|[\u03b6]\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u1f20\u03b8\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7\u03f2\u03b1\u03bd\u00b7 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ae\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd |[\u03b3]\u1f70\u0323\u03c1 \u1f55\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf\u0323\u03bd\u0323 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03f2\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd | [\u03c0]\u03ac\u03f2\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03f2 \u1f41\u03bc\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03b1|[\u03c4]\u03b1\u03f2\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ac\u03f2\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03f2 \u1f65\u03f2\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u03b2\u03ac\u03b8\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 | [\u1f10]\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03c7[\u03b7\u03bd\u03cc]\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03b9 \u03f2\u03c4\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c0\u0323\u03bb\u03ac\u03b3\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd | [\u03c0]\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u0323\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4[\u03ae]\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf[\u03bd], \u03c4\u0323\u03bf\u1fd6\u03f2 \u03b4\u0323[\u1f72] | [\u1f10]\u03ba\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u0323[\u03ad\u03bd]\u03bf[\u03b9]\u03f2 \u03c4[\u03bf\u1fe6] \u03ba[\u03b1\u03c5]\u03c4[\u03b7]\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f04\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9[\u03f2] | [\u03b4\u03cd]\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u1ff6[\u03bd \u03ba\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u1ff6\u03bd] \u03bc[\u03b5]\u03f2\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 | \u03c0[\u03b5]\u03c1\u0323[\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9]\u03b8[\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9, \u03c4\u1f70\u03f2 \u03b4]\u1f72 \u1f00\u0323\u03c1\u03c7\u1f70\u03f2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd | \u03ba\u0323\u03ac\u0323\u03c4\u1ff6\u03b9 \u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9[\u03bd] \u03ba\u0323[\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1]\u03b9\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4[\u03b5\u03b9]\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03b5|\u03c1\u0323[\u03bf]\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5`\u1fd6\u00b4 \u03be\u0323\u03cd\u0323\u03bb\u0323\u03c9\u0323\u03b9, \u03c4[\u03c1]\u03af\u03c4\u03b7[\u03bd \u03b4]\u1f72 \u03ba\u03b7[\u03c1\u03af\u03b1]\u03bd | \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03f2\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u1fc6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03b1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03f2 | [\u03c4\u1f74]\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03f2\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03ac\u03f2\u03f2\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b3\u03ad|[\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9]\u03bf\u0323\u03bd\u0323, [\u03c4]\u1f70\u03f2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f00\u03c1\u03c7\u1f70\u03f2 \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03bc\u03ae\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u1f00|[\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1]\u03b5\u0323\u03b9\u0323\u03bd\u0323 \u1f51\u03c0[\u1f72]\u03c1 [\u03ba\u03b5\u03c6]\u03b1\u03bb\u1fc6\u03f2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u03ac\u03f2\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd|[\u03c4\u03bf\u03f2] \u03ba\u0323[\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03ac]\u03bb\u03b9\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03b5\u0323[\u03c1\u03bf]\u03b5\u03b9[\u03b4\u03b5\u1fd6 \u03be]\u03cd\u03bb\u03c9\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5-|\u03c1\u03b9\u03ac\u03c0[\u03c4]\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd, \u1f35\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u0323\u1ff6\u0323[\u03bd \u03be]\u03cd\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03bb\u03c9|\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u0323\u03bd [\u1f21 \u03c4\u03ac]\u03f2\u0323\u03b9[\u03f2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7]\u03c9\u0323\u03c1\u03ae\u03f2\u1fc3\u00b7 \u1f51\u03c0\u1f78 | [\u03b3\u1f70]\u03c1 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03f2 \u03c4\u03c1[\u03af\u03c4]\u03b7\u03f2 [\u03ba\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03b1]\u03f2 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03b8\u03b5[\u03bd \u1f04]|[\u03bd\u03c9] \u1f21 \u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03c5\u03f2 \u1f00\u03bd\u0323[\u03ac\u03b3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9], \u1f51[\u03c0]\u1f78 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 | [\u03ba\u03b1]\u03c5\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f40\u0323[\u00a0 \u0323\u00a0 \u0323\u00a0 \u0323\u00a0 \u0323\u00a0 \u0323\u00a0 \u0323\u00a0 \u0323\u00a0 \u0323\u00a0 \u0323\u00a0 \u0323\u00a0 \u0323\u00a0 \u0323]\u03b1\u0323[\u00a0 \u0323]\u03b1 | [\u00a0 \u0323\u00a0 \u0323]\u03f2\u03bc\u0323\u03bf\u03bd \u03b5\u1f34\u03f2\u03c9\u0323[\u00a0 \u0323]\u03b1\u0323[\u00a0 \u0323\u00a0 \u0323\u00a0 \u0323\u00a0 \u0323\u00a0 \u0323 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bf\u1f57\u03c4]\u03bf\u03f2\u0323 | [\u03b4]\u1f72 \u1f41 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03b9\u03f2\u03bc\u1f78\u03f2 \u03bf[\u1f50\u03ba \u1f10\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03f2] |[\u03bc\u03bf]\u03bc\u03c6\u1fc6\u03f2\u00b7 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b3\u0323\u1f70\u0323\u03c1\u0323 \u03ba\u0323[\u03b1\u03c5]\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u1f14\u03bc|\u03c0\u0323[\u03c5]\u03c1\u0323\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03c5\u03b3\u03c7\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf[\u03bd] \u03c6\u03ce\u0323\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03f2 \u1f40|\u03b4\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03f2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b5\u1f30\u03b4\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f45\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd|\u03c4\u03c9\u03f2 \u1f00\u03c0[\u03bf]\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03c0\u03c4\u03b5\u0323\u03b9\u0323 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1[\u03b2]\u03c1\u03b5\u03c7\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5|\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0[\u1f78 \u03c4]\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c7\u03b1\u03bb\u0323\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u1ff6\u03bd.\nCependant, parmi les instrumentistes, les plus e\u0301minents, qui avaient rejete\u0301 les petits astragales et la cire, voulurent re\u0301duire la ma\u0302choire au moyen d\u2019un caute\u0300re. En effet, ils prescrivirent\u00a0 d\u2019allonger le patient sur le dos sur un appareil plat comme un banc, d\u2019introduire un caute\u0300re en\u00a0 travers de la bouche be\u0301ante, de placer autour des deux extre\u0301mite\u0301s saillantes du caute\u0300re le milieu de cordons\u00a0 doubles, de porter leurs bouts vers le bas et de les attacher autour d\u2019un ba\u0302ton en forme de pilon, de fixer un troisie\u0300me cordon double et de placer son milieu sous le menton, d\u2019en relever les bouts, a\u0300 travers les pommettes, au-dessus de la te\u0302te du patient et de les attacher de nouveau autour d\u2019un ba\u0302ton en forme de pilon, afin que, quand les ba\u0302tons seront renverse\u0301s en arrie\u0300re, l\u2019extension progresse. En effet, c\u2019est sous l\u2019effet du troisi\u00e8me\u00a0 cordon que la ma\u0302choire est souleve\u0301e de vas en haut, et c\u2019est sous l\u2019effet du caute\u0300re que \u2026 a\u0300 l\u2019inte\u0301rieur \u2026 et cette re\u0301duction n\u2019est pas exempte de reproche. En effet, la caute\u0300re, qui se trouve e\u0302tre bru\u0302lant, grille les dents lorsqu\u2019on sait que, mouille\u0301 de nouveau, il tombe tout a\u0300 fait au vas des commissures (Marganne 1998: 44)\n\u00a0\n8. P.Ross.Georg. I 20, col. III, rr. 118-123 (II CE)[3]\n\u03c7\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f14\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5-|\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9\u03f2 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u0323[\u03b1\u03c4]\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6[\u03ac]-|[\u03bd]\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd \u1f00\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 [\u03c0]\u03c5[\u03c1\u03b7]-|\u03bd\u03bf\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03af[\u03c9]\u03bd \u03ba[\u03b1\u1fe6]-|[\u03f2]\u03b5\u03b9\u03f2. \u1f18\u03bd\u03af\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c0\u03cc\u03f2\u03c6[\u03b9\u03b3]- [\u03be]\u03b5\u03b9\u03f2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae. |\nQuand les \u00e9coulements d\u2019humeurs sont chroniques, d\u00e9gagement des vaisseaux superficiels et caut\u00e9risation au moyen de caut\u00e8res \u00e0 bouton. Parfois aussi, ligature et incision (Marganne 1994: 121)\n\u00a0\n9. Ps.-Gal. Introd. s. medic. 339 [XIV 797, 8-15 K.] (II CE)\n\u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f51\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f30\u03bf\u03b2\u03cc\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u1f24\u03b4\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1. \u1f14\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u1f04\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f31\u03c3\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae\u03bd. \u039c\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03c9\u0345 \u03c4\u1ff6\u0345 \u03c7\u03bb\u03c9\u03c1\u1ff6\u0345 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03ac\u03c3\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u2019\u1f00\u03bb\u1ff6\u03bd, \u03b5\u1f36\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f45\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03b8\u1ff6\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03b1\u1f31 \u1f10\u03c3\u03c7\u03ac\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f61\u03c2 \u1f15\u03bb\u03ba\u03b7 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03cd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd. \u03c4\u1f70 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f30\u03bf\u03b2\u03cc\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03ae\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u1f7a \u1f10\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1, \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u2019\u1f61\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u1fe5\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f15\u03bb\u03ba\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd.\nThe same thing with those who have been bitten by poisonous animals. After taking red-hot cauteries, we have to put them on the wound. After cauterization, put a plaster made of green leek with salt, until the eschars are purified and the wound is healed. We do not want that the bite of a poisonous animal scars over too fast, but we pay attention that the wounds flow.\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\n10. Ps.-Gal. Introd. s. medic. 388 (XIV 782, 2-9 K.) \n\u03ba\u03b1\u1f7b\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u1f75\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u1f7d\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1, \u1f30\u03b4\u1f77\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03bd\u03b5\u03bc\u03bf\u03bc\u1f73\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u1f24\u03b4\u03b7 \u03c0\u1f71\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1fe5\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03b6\u03bf\u03bc\u1f73\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u1f40\u03c6\u03b8\u03b1\u03bb\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd, \u1f30\u03c3\u03c7\u1f77\u03c9\u03bd, \u1f22 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd\u03c4\u1f79\u03c2. \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c6\u03b8\u03b9\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u1f71\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c3\u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u1f71\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u1f71\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f10\u03ba\u03c0\u1f77\u03c0\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03b2\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03b9\u1f79\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03b1\u1f30\u03b3\u1f77\u03bb\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u1f73\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u1f22 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b9\u03b6\u03bf\u03bc\u1f73\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u1f7b\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u1f00\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u1fd6\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f31\u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u1fe5\u03b1\u03b3\u03bf\u1f7b\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd\nWe burn with cauteries, especially for all ulcerations, rheumy eyes, sciatica or even internal conditions. For example, they are applied for wasting and splenetic diseases, for shoulder dislocations, for lacrimal fistula (aegilops), for gangrene, or for blood vessels that are being opened during amputation and for other hemorrhagic situations (Bliquez 2015: 157)\n\u00a0\n11. Gal. Meth. med. 301-302 [X 896, 6-18 K.] (II CE)\n\u1f21 \u03c4\u03bf\u03af\u03bd\u03c5\u03bd \u03bc\u03ad\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2, \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 \u1f27\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc6\u0345\u03b4\u03b5 \u03c4\u1fc6\u0345 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u0345 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd, \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u03b1\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f40\u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f01\u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9\u03c2, \u1f45\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03b8\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u1f22 \u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03ac\u03ba\u03c9\u03bd \u03b3\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u03b4\u03b9\u03c4\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u1f78\u03bd, \u03ba\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f40\u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b7\u03bd \u1f10\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03b6\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5. [\u2026] \u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u1f72\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03b9\u2019\u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f15\u03bb\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f30\u1f78\u03bd, \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1f76 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff6\u0345 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03b8\u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u0345 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f78 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd. \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03af \u03b3\u03b5 \u03bc\u1f74\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd, \u1f45\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b5 \u03c6\u03ac\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u1f76\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c3\u03c7\u03ac\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd \u1f10\u03c1\u03b3\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9.\nSo the method I started talking about in this treatise has the double purpose to heal every kind of suffering, caused either by poisonous animals or by drugs, namely the evacuation and alteration of what causes the pain. [\u2026] Some instruments drag the poison out through the mouth, by reaching the injured area and surrounding it with the edges. The cautery has this specific feature, as well as drugs very similar to cautery that heal eschars\n\u00a0\n12. Leon. ap. A\u00ebt. XVI 44, 13 [LXI 16, 62-5 Zervos] (VI CE)\n\u1f10\u03b3\u1f7c \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03bf\u1f56\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03bc\u1f74 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c6\u03c5\u03ba\u1f79\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03b8\u1f7d\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bc\u1f71\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd, \u03b5\u1f34\u03c9\u03b8\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u1f77\u1fb3\u0387 \u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f41 \u03c4\u03c1\u1f79\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2\u0387 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u1f7b\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f51\u03c0\u03c4\u1f77\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u1f73\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2, \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u1f77\u03bd\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u1ff6 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03bc\u1f73\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f51\u03b3\u03b9\u1f73\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b4\u03b9\u1fc3\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u1f73\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u1f77\u03c9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u1f77\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2, \u1f15\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f45\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f10\u03c3\u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03c9\u03b8\u1f73\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u1f71\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b8\u1fc7 \u1f21 \u03b1\u1f31\u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u1f77\u03b1\u0387 \u03b5\u1f36\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u1f71\u03bb\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u1f73\u03bc\u03bd\u03c9, \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u1f71\u03c3\u03c3\u03c9\u03bd \u1f05\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u1f79\u03bd, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u1f71\u03bb\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03bc\u03b7\u03bc\u1f73\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f77\u03c9\u0387 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u1f71\u03ba\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u1ff6 \u03c4\u1f73\u03bc\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u03b1\u1fe6\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f77\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c0\u03bf\u03c7\u1f74\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f31\u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u1f77\u03b1\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u2000\u03ba\u1f77\u03bd\u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f21 \u03b1\u1f31\u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u1f77\u03b1 \u03b1\u1f55\u03c4\u03b7. \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u1f77\u03b1\u03bd\u2000\u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u1f71\u03bb\u03b9\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u1f77\u03c9 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03bc\u1f73\u03c1\u03b7 \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f45\u03bb\u03b1 \u1f15\u03c9\u03c2\u2000\u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03be\u03b7\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6, \u03c4\u1f78 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u03c0\u03c1\u1ff6\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03b5\u1f7b\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f31\u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u1f77\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c0\u03bf\u03c7\u1f75\u03bd, \u1f14\u03c3\u03c7\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u1f77\u03b1\u03bd\u2000\u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u1f74\u03bd \u03c4\u1f70 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u1f75\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u1f71\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u1f71\u03b8\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u1f45\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u1f75\u03bd\u0387 \u03b5\u1f34\u03c9\u03b8\u03b1 \u03b4\u1f73 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u1f76\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f7b\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, \u1f45\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u1f44\u03b3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b3\u1f73\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c7\u03bf\u03b9\u03c1\u1f7d\u03b4\u03b7\u03c2, \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u1f7d\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b3\u1f73\u03bd\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd. \u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u1f7b\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f77\u03bd\u03c5\u03bd \u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u1f71\u03b8\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u1f14\u03be\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd \u1f00\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f51\u03b3\u03b9\u1ff6\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u1fc7 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6, \u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u1f72 \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u03c3\u03c6\u03bf\u03b4\u03c1\u1f70 \u03b3\u1f77\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u1f7b\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u1f31\u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u1f77\u03b1.\nI usually operate in cases where the tumors do not extend into the chest. The procedure is as follows. When the patient has been placed on her back, I incise the healthy area of the breast above the tumor and then cauterize the incision until scabs form and the bleeding is stanched. Then I incise again, marking out the area as I cut deeply into the breast, and again I cauterize. I do this quite often, incising and then cauterizing to stanch the bleeding. This way the bleeding is not dangerous. After the excision is complete I again cauterize the entire area until it is desiccated. I apply the cauteries the first and second time to check the bleeding, but the last time, after the tumor has been excised, for the complete cure of the disease. Sometimes it is my practice even to operate without cauterization when a breast tumor is not scrofulous, as I treat the source of the tumor. So when such a condition exists, one can cure it with excision [of the tumor] from the healthy parts of the breast; for the bleeding is not at all excessive in such cases (Bliquez 2015: 160)\n\u00a0\n13. Paul.Aeg. VI 57, 1 [CMG IX 2, 97, 6-15 Heiberg] (VII CE)\n\u039f\u1f50 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c3\u03ad\u03b2\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f10\u03b8\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u1f78\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03bc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03bd\u1fe6\u03bd \u1f41 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f21\u03bc\u1fd6\u03bd, \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u1f70 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd, \u03bf\u1f37\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f30\u03b4\u03bf\u03b9\u03b9\u03ba\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f21 \u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9. \u03c7\u03c1\u1f74 \u03c4\u03bf\u03af\u03bd\u03c5\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u2019 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u1f78 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u1f05\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03ba\u03cd\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf \u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03b4\u03b9 \u03c3\u1f7a\u03bd \u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd \u1f22 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c3\u03b9\u03b4\u03af\u1ff3 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f40\u03c1\u03cc\u03b2\u1ff3 \u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03b7\u03bd \u1f10\u03bc\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5. \u03b5\u1f30 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03b1\u1f31\u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad, \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b7\u03bd\u03bf\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03ad\u03c3\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bc\u03c6\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2, \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03ae\u03bd \u03c4\u03ad \u03c6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b1\u1f31\u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u1f74\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2. \u03b5\u1f30 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f45\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u1f72 \u03b4\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03b7 \u1f21 \u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2, \u03c3\u03c9\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03b2\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03c0\u03cc\u03c1\u1ff3 \u03b4\u03b9\u2019 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03ba\u03ac\u03bc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2.\n[We do not treat at present of those who are circumcised in conformity to a heathen rite, but of those in whom the prepuce has become black from some affection of the privy part. In such cases, it becomes necessary to cut off the blackened portion all around; and afterwards we must have recourse to the squama aeris with honey, or to pomegranate-rind and tare, in the form of those applications which are made upon a pledget. And if there be a haemorrhage, we must use lunated cauteries, which contribute to two good purposes: I mean the stoppage of the bleeding and of the spreading sore. But if the whole glans be consumed, having introduced a leaden tube into the urethra, we direct the patients to make water through it (Adams 1846: 349-350)].\n\u00a0\n14. Paul.Aeg. VI 2, 1 [CMG IX 2, 45, 10-5 Heiberg]\n\u1f18\u03c0\u1f76 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u1f40\u03c6\u03b8\u03b1\u03bb\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f04\u03bd\u03c9\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c1\u03c1\u03b5\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03af \u03c4\u03b5 \u03b4\u03c5\u03c3\u03c0\u03bd\u03bf\u03ca\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03c4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f51\u03b3\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03b8\u03ce\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bb\u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u1fb3 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1fc7\u03b4\u03b5 \u03bc\u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f67\u03b4\u03ad \u03c0\u03c9\u03c2\u00b7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03be\u03c5\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03ba\u03bf\u03c1\u03c5\u03c6\u1f74\u03bd \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03b7\u03bd\u03bf\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u1f15\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f40\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03bf\u03c5\u00a0\u03c4\u1f78 \u03b4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1, \u03be\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f14\u03ba\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c3\u03c7\u03ac\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f40\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd.[4]\n\u00a0In ophtalmia, occasioned by a defluxion from above, and in dyspn\u0153a, produced by a redundance of a recrementitious humour which is sent from the head down to the chest, and by lodging there proves in injourious to the parts contained in it, they burn the middle of the head in this manner. Having first shaven the parts about the vertex, they apply cauteries shaped like olive-kernels and burn the skin down to the bone, seraping the bone after the falling off of the eschar (Adams 1846: 248)\n\u00a0\n15. Paul.Aeg. VI 22, 1 [CMG IX 2, 62, 9-14 Heiberg]\n\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u1f72\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f10\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u1f74\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u1ff3 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f51\u03b3\u03c1\u1f78\u03bd \u1f22 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c0\u1fe6\u03bf\u03bd \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1fe5\u1fd6\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ae\u03b3\u03b1\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u00b7 \u1f21\u03bc\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u1f20\u03c1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f30\u03b3\u03b9\u03bb\u03c9\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2, \u1f65\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03b4\u03b1 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03c6\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9 \u1f22 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03c3\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03c9\u03c4\u1ff7 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03c0\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03be\u03b7\u03c1\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b2\u03bf\u03b7\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1.\nSome, after the excision of the flesh, use a perforator, and make a passage for the fluid or matter to the nose; but we are contented with burning alone, using the cauteries for \u00e6gilops, and burning down until a lamina of bone drop off; and after the burning we have recourse to lentils and honey, or to the application consisting of pomegranate-rind with honey, and other such desiccative remedies (Adams 1846: 284)[5]\n\u00a0\n16. Paul.Aeg. VI 48, 1 [CMG IX 2, 87, 19-24 Heiberg]\n\u1f08\u03b3\u03ba\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03c3\u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd\u1f76 \u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u1ff7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u1ff3 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u1ff3 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u1f70\u03be \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f78 \u03ba\u03b1\u03cd\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd, \u1f65\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03bc\u03b9\u1fb7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u1fc7 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f10\u03c3\u03c7\u03ac\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03be\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03c7\u1ff6\u03c2, \u1f65\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u1f70\u03c2 \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03db \u1f10\u03c3\u03c7\u03ac\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9. \u1f41 \u03b4\u1f72 \u039c\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u1fc3 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u1fc3 \u1f22 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u1fd6 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u1ff3 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03bc\u03b9\u1fb7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u1fc7 \u03c4\u1f70\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c3\u03c7\u03ac\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c1\u03b3\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf.\nSome pick up the skin with hooks and push through it a long cautery, and repeat this three times so that there are six eschars. Marcellus, however, by using the instrument called a trident or trident-shaped cautery, formed six eschars at one application (Milne 1907: 117)\n\u00a0\n17. Paul.Aeg. V 3, 3 [CMG IX 2, 10, 3-4 Heiberg] \u03be\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03bd \u1f10\u03c3\u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1f78\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03c3\u03bf\u03b4\u03ae\u03ba\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd\n\u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f15\u03bb\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f11\u03c8\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bd \u1f55\u03b4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c7\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u03af\u03bc\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f00\u03b3\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bb\u03b1\u03c0\u03ac\u03b8\u03bf\u03c5 \u1fe5\u03af\u03b6\u03b1\u03bd. \u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u1f72\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b9\u03b4\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f15\u03bb\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd.\nWash the sore with a decoetion of camomile in water, and the root of the wild dock. But some burn the sore with heated irons. (Adams 1846: 164)\n\n\n[1] R. 84 in Aleshire\u2019s edition. For the complete text, translation and a line-by-line commentary see Aleshire 1989: 177-248; for the identification of \u1f10\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u1f75\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03bf\u1fd6\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u00a0 with a surgical instrument see Aleshire (1989: 235): \u201c[t]he \u1f10\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd is here almost certainly a cauterizing instrument [\u2026] although the compound noun is apparently not otherwise attested in this sense (cf. \u03ba\u03b1\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1, \u03ba\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1 in this sense at Hp. Haem. 6, Gal. 19.111, Hippiatr. 26). \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f10\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 at IG XI (2) 287A.44 probably refers to instruments used in encaustic painting\u201d.\n\n\n[2] The content deals with four different methods to reduce the dislocation of the jaw; the first three mechanical treatments are rejected by the author because of their inefficacy. The first one (I-II,12) uses the \u201csmall astragalos\u201d and wax; the second (II, 13-III, 8) is the Alexandrine method (see also P.Ryl. II 529); the third one (III, 9-IV, 6) is suitable in case of unilateral dislocation or bilateral disarticulation of the jaw and uses two bands crossed around the neck. In the last section (IV, 7-V, 37) the author describes his own method, based on the use of two bands crossed next to the ears and fixed one above the head and the other one on the ground. The text is attributed with uncertainty to Heliodorus.\n\n\n[3] The text belongs to the genre of medical catechism with didactic purpose and deals with some eye diseases. It is composed in the form of\u00a0\u1f10\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2\u00a0(question and answer) and the nine \u1f10\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1, all marked with eistheseis, deal with \u03b3\u03bb\u03b1\u03cd\u03ba\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1 (\u2018cataract\u2019, l. 57),\u00a0\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03cd\u03bb\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u00a0(\u2018defect in the eye inside the cornea\u2019, ll. 68 and 73), types (l. 80) and surgery of \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03cd\u03bb\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1 (l. 84),\u00a0\u03c0\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03cd\u03b3\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd\u00a0(disease of the inner corner of the eye, ll. 94 and 98), types (l. 105) and surgery of \u03c0\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03cd\u03b3\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd (l. 110). The third column contains a question and answer about \u1fe5\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 (\u2018flood\u2019, l. 116) and a question about \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03b1\u03b8\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 (kind of operation for eye-affection, l. 124), both marked with eistheseis.\n\u00a0\n\n\n[4] The same instrument is used by Paul also for the surgery called periskyphismos (VI 7 [CMG IX 2, 50, 1-24 Heiberg]), for healing migraine. The surgeon has to burning the tissue around the painful area, so as to create a thick eschar and to act on the blood vessels. This kind of surgery can be done also with scalpel, hooks (\u1f04\u03b3\u03ba\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1) and needle (\u03b2\u03b5\u03bb\u03cc\u03bd\u03b7), though an olivary cautery (\u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03b7\u03bd\u03bf\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u1f74 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd) avoids the risk of haemorrhage in such a sensitive area.\n\n\n[5] This particular kind of \u03ba\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1 recurs in several medical texts of Byzantine age (see\u00a0 Bliquez 1984: 198).\n\n"},{"@type":"C.  COMMENTARY","@lang":"en","@value":"1. \u03ba\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1 and its medical sources \nAlthough the use of the \u03ba\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1 was very common and this instrument was employed in a variety of surgical operations, it is possible to categorize four main functions[1] based on Greek medical literature: \u201c (a) to staunch bleeding, (b) to eliminate diseased tissue, (c) to open the way to other parts of the body, and (d) to produce counter irritation\u201d.[2] The great variety of operations performed by the cautery is also shown by the pseudo-Galenic Introductio sive medicus [10].\nThe primary use of cautery allowed to stop an haemorrhage (see [13] and Orib. Coll.med. 50.7.1 [CMG 6.2.2, 59.11-23 Raeder]) caused by \u00a0an operation (see [12], in the spelling variant \u03ba\u03b1\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1) or an accidental wound. In some cases, burning a small area could be useful to remove diseased tissues, as in the surgery of the eyes (see [8][14][15]). Because of its power of cauterizing the inner layers of the skin, the \u03ba\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1 could be used to open the way to other parts of the body, as in case of the surgery of the liver (as in [1] and [16]). When the injury is caused by a bit of a poisonous animal, the recourse to cautery could be resolved, as in the cases [9][11][17].\nIn a papyrus dated to the II century CE, (see [7]) the \u03ba\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1 is employed in an unexpected way, though in a medical context again. The text deals with four different methods to reduce the dislocation of the jaw; in one of them (called \u2018Alexandrine method\u2019, used by \u03bf\u1f31 \u1f40\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af surgeons), the unknown author affirms that the doctor has to put a red-hot cautery across the mouth and then, with some surgical ropes, make the extension of the jaw. This method is rejected by the author because the \u1f14\u03bc\u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd burns the teeth, being therefore unsafe for the patient.\nIn some cases, the word \u03ba\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1 does not indicate the instrument itself, but the brand it leaves on animals, as attested in two documentary papyri from Roman Egypt (see [4][5]), which deal with sales of working animals.\nIn addition to the literary sources, the use of \u03ba\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1 is attested also in a Greek inscription, dated to 274-273 BCE (see [2]), in which the \u03ba\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1 is listed in an inventory of objects dedicated to the Athenian Asklepieion. A similar occurrence of the term in a list of objects is attested in a documentary papyrus dated to I century CE (see [3]).\n\u00a0\n\u00a0\n2. \u03ba\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1 word and object\n\u00a0\nJust like many other surgical instruments, the \u03ba\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1 could have been made of several materials: the most common examples were made of iron, thanks to its heat resistance (for this reason \u03c3\u03b9\u03b4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd is found more frequently than \u03ba\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1 in the Corpus Hippocraticum, see [1], and also [17]) but in some particular cases they were made of copper alloy (\u03c7\u03ac\u03bb\u03ba\u03b5\u03bf\u03bd), silver or gold.\nMoreover, a great variety of sizes and temperature of use is attested: the cauteries are said to be \u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 (\u2018fine\u2019), \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2 (\u2018small\u2019), \u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2 (\u2018big\u2019, as in [16]), \u03c0\u03b1\u03c7\u03cd\u03c2 (\u2018thick\u2019), \u03bc\u03b1\u03c7\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 (\u2018sword-shaped\u2019), \u03c3\u03c6\u03b7\u03bd\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 (\u2018wedge-shaped\u2019), \u03c8\u03c5\u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2 (\u2018cold\u2019, as in [6]) or, more frequently, \u1f14\u03bc\u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 (\u2018red-hot\u2019, as in [7]) or \u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 (as in [9]).\n\u00a0\nFrom the IV century onwards, several new shapes are attested in medical literature by means of new modifying adjectives, probably as a result of technological innovations. So we can find a \u03bc\u03b7\u03bd\u03bf\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd, (\u2018lunated cautery\u2019), in Orib. Coll.med. 50.7.1 [CMG 6.2.2, 59.11-23 Raeder] and in [13] only; this kind of instrument was recognised by Bliquez (1981: 219\u2013220) as the same type found in a tomb in Bingen, Germany:\n\u00a0\n\u00a0\n(Fig. 1: lunated cautery, \u03bc\u03b7\u03bd\u03bf\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03ae\u03c2, from\u00a0 Bingen. Bliquez 2015: 403, fig. 36; for the picture see K\u00fcnzl 1983: 84 fig. 58 n. 14)\n\u00a0\nFurthermore, in case of eye surgery (or operation in critical areas), the doctor could use a not very common kind of cautery called \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03b7\u03bd\u03bf\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03ae\u03c2, or olivary: thanks to his fine edge, it could reach every portion of tissue with ease and precision; the term is attested in two testimonia only, by P.Ross.Georg. I 20 [8] and by Paulus of Aegina [14]. There was also a more specialized instrument, suitable for healing the fistula lachrymalis, namely the \u03b1\u1f30\u03b3\u03b9\u03bb\u03c9\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u1f78\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd (attested in the diminutive form and in Paulus only, see [15]). A sample of the \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03b7\u03bd\u03bf\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03ae\u03c2 has been excavated in Reims, \u201ca particularly attractive candidate is the puren equipped needle (presumably) handle excavated at Reims in the instrumentarium of the ophthalmologist G. Firmius Severus\u201d (Bliquez 2015: 172), whom floruit was between the end of II and the beginning of III century CE.\n\u00a0\n\u00a0\n(Fig. 2: olivary cautery \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03b7\u03bd\u03bf\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03ae\u03c2, see Bliquez 2015: 401, fig. 32)\n\u00a0\n\u00a0\n(Fig. 3: K\u00fcnzl 1983: 65, fig. 36, n. 31)\n\u00a0\n\u00a0\nThe same kind of cautery, the \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u1f72\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd mentioned by Paulus of Aegina (see [16]), was recognized by Vulpes (1847: 74) among the instruments excavated in the archaeological sites of Pompei and Herculaneum (see fig. 4), but more recently Bliquez called into question that identification[3], because of its (probably) non-medical nature.\n\u00a0\n\u00a0\n\u00a0\n(Fig. 4: trident cautery \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u1f74\u03c2. Vulpes 1847: tav. V, fig. XIII)\n\u00a0\n\u00a0\nIn some cases, the iron cautery bears another instrument on its opposite side, like the \u03ba\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1 found in Asia Minor, now preserved at the R\u00f6misch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum of Mainz (see fig. 5).\n\u00a0\n\u00a0\n(Fig. 5: K\u00fcnzl 1983: 47 fig. 15, n. 12)\n\n\n[1] Cautery was not the only instrument that could be used to perform a cauterization: doctors could rely on different therapies, e.g. kinds of funguses or even dung (see the paragraph \u2018Natural Substances used in Cauterization\u2019, Bliquez 2015: 172-173).\n\n\n[2] Bliquez 2015: 160.\n\n\n[3] \u201cAlso, Vulpes saw in a three-pronged item of copper alloy in the surgical collection of the Naples Museum a specimen of the triaine. My own investigation reveals that this piece has nothing to do with Pompeii or Herculaneum, having come into the Museum via the Borgia collection [\u2026]. It therefore has no medical provenience and is surely only a hairpin or a small fork\u201d (Bliquez 2015: 169, n. 383). The same opinion was expressed in Bliquez\/Jackson 1994: 45.\n\n"},{"@type":"D.  BIBLIOGRAPHY","@lang":"en","@value":"P.Ross.Georg. I 20\nEditions: B\u00c4CKSTR\u00d6M\u00a0 1909: 449-481; ZERETELI \/KRUEGER\u00a0 1925: 137-145; MARGANNE\u00a0 1994: 112-132;\nStudies: KAPPUS\u00a0 1912: 266-267; KIND\u00a0 1919: 68-69; OLIVIERI\u00a0 1928: 235-249; MARGANNE\u00a0 1978: 313-320; ANDORLINI \u00a01993: 511, n. 95; GHIRETTI\u00a0 2010: 176-181.\n\u00a0\nP.Lond.Lit. 166\nEditions: KALBFLEISCH \u00a01902: 3-8; MARGANNE \u00a01998: 35-66;\nDescriptions: HAEBERLIN \u00a01897: 398, n. 134; KENYON \u00a01989: XIV; OLDFATHER \u00a01923: 43, n. 813; MILNE \u00a01927: 133 n. 166.\nStudies: CR\u00d6NERT \u00a01903: 375-376 e 475-82; KIND \u00a01912: 193, n. 164; MARGANNE \u00a01985: 105-108; MARGANNE \u00a01988: 107-111; ANDORLINI \u00a01993: 496, n. 57; MARGANNE \u00a01995; GHIRETTI \u00a02010: 187-195.\n\u00a0\u00a0\nGeneral Bibliography\n\u00a0\nAdams, F. (1846), The Seven Books of Paulus \u00c6gineta, translated from the Greek with a Commentary embracing a complete view of the Knowledge possessed by the Greeks, Romans and Arabics on all subjects connected with Medicine and Surgey, by Francis Adams, in three volumes, London.\nAleshire, S.B. (1989), The Athenian Asklepieion: the people, their dedications, and the inventories, Amsterdam.\nAndorlini, I. (1993), L\u2019apporto dei papiri alla conoscenza della scienza medica antica, A.N.R.W. II 37.1 Berlin-New York, 458-562.\nBeekes, R., EDG, Etymological Dictionary of Greek, I-II, Leiden-Boston, 2010.\nBliquez, L.J. (1984), Two Lists of Greek Surgical Instruments and the State of Surgery in Byzantine Times, \u00abDumbarton Oaks Papers\u00bb 36, 187-204.\nBliquez, L.J. (2015), The tools of Asclepius. Surgical Instruments in Greek and Roman Times, Leiden-Boston.\nBliquez, L.J. \/ Jackson, R. (1994), Roman Surgical Instruments and Minor Objects in the National Archaeological Museum of Naples, with a Catalogue of the Surgical Instruments in the Antiquarium at Pompeii by Ralph Jackson, Mainz.\nBoisacq, \u00c9., DELG, Dictionnaire \u00e9tymologique de la langue grecque, \u00e9tudi\u00e9e dans ses rapports avec les autres langues indo-europ\u00e9ennes, Heidelberg-Paris, 19161.\nChantraine, P., DELG, Dictionnaire \u00e9tymologique de la langue grecque, I-II, Paris, 1968-1980.\nComo, J. (1925), Das Grab eines r\u00f6mischen Arztes in Bingen, \u00abGermania\u00bb 9, 152-162.\nCr\u00f6nert, W. (1903), Sprachliches zu griechische \u00c4rzten, eine Untersuchung u\u0308ber den Verfasser des griechischen Papyrus Lond. Nr. 155, \u00abArchiv fu\u0308r Papyrusforschung\u00bb, 2, 375-376 e 476-482.\nFrisk, H., GEW, Griechisches etymologisches W\u00f6rterbuch, I-III, Heidelberg, 1954-1979.\nGhiretti, G. (2010), Luoghi e strumenti della professione medica antica. La testimonianza dei papiri greci d\u2019Egitto, \u00abPapyrotheke\u00bb 1 [http:\/\/dspace-unipr.cineca.it\/handle\/1889\/1493].\nHaeberlin, C. (1897), Griechische Papyri: Volumina Herculanensia, \u00abCentralblatt fu\u0308r Bibliothekswesen\u00bb 14, 389-396.\nKalbfleisch, K. (1902), Papyri Graecae Musei Britannini et Musei Berolinensis, Rostock.\nKenyon, F.J. (1898), Greek Papyri in the British Museum, II, London (repr. Milano, 1973).\nKind, F.E. (1912), sine titulo, \u00abJAW\u00bb 158, 168-171 e 192.\nKu\u0308nzl, E. (1983), Medizinische Instrumente aus Sepulkralfunden der r\u00f6mischen Kaiserzeit, Bonn.\nMarganne, M.-H. (1985), De l\u2019utilisation du \u2018scalp\u2019 comme rem\u00e8de aux affections oculaires, \u00abRevue m\u00e9dicale de Li\u00e8ge\u00bb, 40, 17, 600-603.\nMarganne, M.-H. (1987), Les instruments chirurgicaux de l\u2019\u00c9gypte gr\u00e9co-romaine, in Arch\u00e9ologie et M\u00e9decine, VII\u00e9me Rencontres Internationales d\u2019Arch\u00e9ologie et d\u2019Histoire d\u2019Antibes (23-25 octobre 1986), Juan-les-Pins, 403-412.\nMarganne, M.-H. (1988), Le chirurgien H\u00e9liodore: tradition directe et indirecte, in \u00c9tudes de m\u00e9dicine romaine, Centre Jean-Palerne, M\u00e9moires VIII, ed. G. Sabbah, Saint\u2019\u00c9tienne, 107-111.\nMarganne, M.-H. (1994), L\u2019ophtalmologie dans l\u2019\u00c9gypte gr\u00e9co-romaine d\u2019apr\u00e8s les papyrus litt\u00e9raires grecs, Leiden-Boston-K\u00f6ln.\nMarganne, M.-H. (1995), De la r\u00e9duction des luxations de la m\u00e2choire: pr\u00e9c\u00e9dents antiques \u00e0 la manoeuvre de N\u00e9laton, \u00abRevue m\u00e9dicale de Li\u00e8ge\u00bb, 40, 3, 105-108.\nMarganne, M.-H. (1998), La chirurgie dans l'\u00c9gypte gr\u00e9co-romaine d'apr\u00e8s les papyrus litt\u00e9raires grecs, Leiden-Boston-K\u00f6ln.\nMilne, H.J. (1907), Surgical Instruments in Greek and Roman Times, Oxford.\nMilne, H.J. (1927), Catalogue of the Literary Papyri in the British Museum, London.\nOldfather, C.H. (1923), The Greek Literary Texts from Graeco-Roman Egypt, Madison.\nPokorny, J. Indogermanisches etymologisches W\u00f6rterbuch, Tu\u0308bingen-Berne-Munich, 1957- 1969 (prima ed.), 2005 (5\u00b0 ed.).\nTabanelli, M. (1958), Lo strumento chirurgico e la sua storia, Forl\u00ec.\nVulpes, B. (1847), Illustrazione di Tutti gli Strumenti chirurgici Scavati in Ercolano e in Pompei, etc., Napoli."},{"@type":"E.  CPGM reference(s)","@lang":"en","@value":"O.Berenike II 131, r. 6 (50-75 CE)\nBGU II 469, r. 7 (159-160 CE)\nSB XXIV 16171, r. 11 (= P.Euphr. 10, 26 may 250)\nP.Oxy. XLIII 3144,\u00a0 r. 8 (23 july 313)\nP.Lond.Lit. 166, col. III, rr. 1-2 (II CE)\n\nP.Ross.Georg. I 20, col. III, rr. 120-121 (II CE)\n\nP.Lond. II 391, r. 8 (VII CE)"},{"@type":"AUTHOR","@lang":"en","@value":"Francesca Bertonazzi"}]}