{"tema_id":"171","string":"Medical report","created":"2016-06-15 19:10:05","code":null,"notes":[{"@type":"variants","@lang":"en","@value":"gr. \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c6\u03ce\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f30\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6"},{"@type":"GENERAL DEFINITION","@lang":"en","@value":"The medical report (\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c6\u03ce\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f30\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6) is a Roman documentary text typology consisting of the official account by which a physician declared to have performed an examination or an autopsy after a petition from a private individual and a subsequent request of the authority in charge, to whom he forwarded a written declaration of the results. It is a clearly documentary genre, where purely medical content \u2013 featuring terms and concepts that are comparable with other medical writings such as recipes, handbooks, and treatises \u2013 joins the administrative praxis, of which it mirrors evolutions, transformations, and even the technical vocabulary[1].\n\n\n[1] This lemma develops a paper titled Le ispezioni mediche nei papiri greci d\u2019Egitto: casi, modi, finalit\u00e0 which I presented at the International Conference \u201cGreek Magical and Medical Papyri\u201d (Parma, May 29, 2014). It is redacted also in connection with the Project \u201cSynopsis. Data Processing and State Management in Roman Egypt (30 BCE-300 CE)\u201d conducted by Prof. Dr. Andrea J\u00f6rdens (Ruprecht-Karls-Universit\u00e4t Heidelberg) and Prof. Uri Yiftach-Firanko (Tel Aviv University) under a grant of the German-Israeli Foundation for Scientific Research and Development (G-38-111.4\/2011). Closely related is also the text of my presentation about I papiri greci di medicina come fonti storiche: il caso dei rapporti dei medici pubblici nell\u2019Egitto greco-romano, delivered at the the International Conference \u201cRetour aux Sources: les Anciens des Antiques, les Antiques des Modernes\u201d (Besan\u00e7on 26-28.09.2013) and awaiting publication (see final draft at https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/6356914\/I_papiri_greci_di_medicina_come_fonti_storiche_il_caso_dei_rapporti_dei_medici_pubblici_nell_Egitto_greco-romano).\n\n"},{"@type":"A. LANGUAGE BETWEEN TEXT AND CONTEXT","@lang":"en","@value":"The entire procedure is essentially administrative (see below), as is the language employed. The vocabulary used to describe the administrative stages of the medical inspections is of the same bureaucratic technicality as in other similar, non-medical\u00a0documents: the commitment of the charge is expressed by the verbs \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9, \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c3\u03c9, \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9[1]; the presence of the\u00a0official\u00a0 representative\u00a0of the authority\u00a0(hyperetes, see below)\u00a0is often introduce by the typical processual clause \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9[2]; the visit itself is referred to with forms of the verbs \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03ad\u03c9, \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03ba\u03ad\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f10\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac\u03c9, \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u201cto look, watch, examine\u201d, which bore a medical technical meaning[3] but were also widely used in administrative contexts with the broader sense of \u201cto inspect officially\u201d[4]. The petition is called \u03b2\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd as usual until the end of the 3rd century[5]; the report itself is no more than a \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c6\u03ce\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2, an \u201cofficial declaration\u201d, to which is appended the specification \u1f30\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6. The concluding verbs are the standard \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9, \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9, or the derived \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u1ff6[6]. It is interesting to note that even the recurring term indicating the \u201chealth conditions\u201d of the visited subject, \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2, though bearing a technical meaning in the medical texts[7], is the same used, more generally speaking, in the administrative documents, to refer to the \u201cconditions\u201d of anything, even of a corpse (\u03c3\u1ff6\u03bc\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b5\u03ba\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd), or of the illicit cut of two acanthus plants in an imperial vineyard, in a petition from 270-275 AD (Chr.W. 177) the conclusion of which, if it had survived without the foregoing text, would probably have encouraged the editors to label it as a request for a medical inspection.\nIt is clear that the key figure of the procedure was the official representative (see below), who indeed sometimes wrote down the report instead of or together with\u00a0the doctor (R12, R23=R24),\u00a0while the physician played the role or a mere \u201cconsultant\u201d, a specialist asked for his professional advice[8]. This explains the technical administrative language employed, and\u00a0is particularly apparent if we compare the medical reports with other types of expertise, issued by specialists of different fields[9]. It is striking, for example, the \u201carchive\u201d of official reports addressed to Valerius Ammonianus alias Gerontius, logistes of the Oxyrhynchites at the beginning of the 4th century AD (P.Oxy. LXIV 4441 + VI 896). It is a huge tomos synkollesimos (secondary roll made up of several documents glued together for safekeeping) in which medical reports are flanked by declarations of artisans asked for their professional advice in particular situations, mostly inspections of buildings (see also P.Oxy. I 53; XLIV 3195; XLV 3245; PSI V 456)[10]. The hyperetes is missing from such documents just as from the medical reports (see below), but see P.Cair.Isid. 124, where a hyperetes reports to the strategos the results of an inspection in a courtyard destroyed by a fire, endorsing its fraudolent character by means of the very same bureaucratic vocabulary as used in the medical reports[11].\nAs a consultant, the inspecting physician had just to visit the patient and to attest his conditions by means of an accurate description of his injuries, which\u00a0follows the usual medical technical vocabulary. This has been thoroughly analysed by M. Manfredi, who pointed out\u00a0its high degree of specialization, attesting to the physicians' professional\u00a0qualification[12] that\u00a0in turn highlights their role of expert consultants, whose intervention was skilled but limited to a general overview (the verbs used are \u03b5\u1f53\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd, \u1f14\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd, \u03b5\u1f34\u03b4\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd[13]). Only in one case (R2) is recorded a therapeutic intervention; in all the other instances we find just a detailed report of nature, typology and place of the injuries. Less detailed are the reports of death: the man in R6 is just said to be hanging from a slip-knot, and the irenarch in R30 is just said to have been died of a severe illness, lacking any traces of injuries or blows.\nLinguistic evidence proves therefore essential in concluding that\u00a0what is now, for us, a documentary genre pertaining to the corpus of the medical papyri because of its contents, in the ancient times was just a sub-category of administrative report, with very few differences from other types of reports of inspections, excepted the medical vocabulary used to write down the autopsy.\n\n\n[1] Cf. MASON 1974, 47-8.\n\n\n[2] Cf. COLES 1966, 33.\n\n\n[3] \u201cto visit\u201d: MANFREDI 2004, 154.\n\n\n[4] \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03ba\u03ad\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, in particular (cf. MASON 1974, 47), which is related, among other things, to the episkepsis, the official survey of lands (CUVIGNY 1985, 122-4).\n\n\n[5] Cf. WILCKEN 1913, 262-4.\n\n\n[6] Cf. MANFREDI 2004, 154.\n\n\n[7] It indicated \u201cla condizione, la disposizione dell\u2019organismo nei confronti della malattia. Insieme di affezioni che colpiscono simultaneamente un individuo\u201d (ANDORLINI-MARCONE 2004, 212; cf. MANFREDI 2004, 154).\n\n\n[8] Cf. KUPISZEWSKI 1952, 263-5; HIRT RAJ 2006, 110.\n\n\n[9] Cf. KUPISZEWSKI 1952, part. 266-8.\n\n\n[10] Cf. P.Oxy. LXIV 4441, Introduction, pp. 171-2 and, on the physical composition of the roll, 173-4. See now HENNIG 2014, 18. Most interesting is also P.Oxy. XXXVIII 2849, containing the instructions sent by the protostatai of Oxyrhynchus to their hyperetes after a petition requesting the official inspection of an injured animal.\n\n\n[11] For the hyperetai employed in non-medical inspections see KUPISZEWSKI-MODRZEJEWSKI 1958, 163-4.\n\n\n[12] MANFREDI 2004, 156-61, with a particular focus on the anatomical descriptions (some words like \u1f00\u03b3\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \"elbow\", \u1f00\u03ba\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \"apophysis of the articulation of the scapula with the clavicle\", \u03b2\u03c1\u03ad\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1 \"top of the head\", appear to be rare in the papyri but well known in medical literature, and are used to indicate special points of the body), on frequent pathological terms (e.g. \u03bf\u1f34\u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \"oedema\"), and on particularly refined words, the use of which is unattested even in medical literature, such as \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u1f74 \u03b1\u1f35\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \"blood concentration\" and the verb \u1f10\u03be\u03b1\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1 \"to have lost blood\" in R2.\n\n\n[13] Cf. MANFREDI 2004, 154.\n\n"},{"@type":"B.  TESTIMONIA - A selection of representative sources","@lang":"en","@value":"1. P.Oxy. LVIII 3926 (This, 246 AD): petition requesting a medical inspection followed\u00a0by the\u00a0order of the strategos to the hyperetes\n\u1f38\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03af\u1ff3 \u1f08\u03bc\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u0323\u1ff3\u0323 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u0395\u1f50\u03b1\u03b3\u03b3\u03ad\u03bb\u0323\u1ff3\u0323 | \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03b3\u1ff7 \u0398\u03b9\u03bd\u03af\u03c4\u03bf\u0323\u03c5\u0323. | \n\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f70 \u0391\u1f50\u03c1\u03b7\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03a3\u03b5\u03bd\u03c0\u03b1\u0323\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u0323\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03a0\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9|\u03bf\u03c2 \u03a4\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u1fc6\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u0398\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2. \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u1f11\u03c3\u03c0\u03ad|\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u0323\u1fc6\u0323\u03c2\u0323 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03bb\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2\u0323 \u1f21\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u1fc6\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 | \u03ba\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c1\u03b3\u03c9\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u1fc6\u03bb\u03b8\u03b5\u0323\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03af\u1fb3 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 | \u1f10\u03bd \u03ba\u03ce\u03bc\u1fc3 \u0398\u03b9\u03bd\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f14\u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03be\u03b1\u03bd | \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f04\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a4\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u1fc6\u03bd \u039a\u03bf\u03c1\u03c4\u1fb6\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 | \u03c3\u03ba\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f00\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f64\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 | [\u03ba]\u03b1\u0323\u1f76\u0323 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u1fb6\u03c2 \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03be\u03af\u03c6\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9 | \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c5\u1f31\u03cc\u03bd \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a8\u03b5\u03ba\u1fc6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 | \u1f14\u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03be\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 | \u1f45\u0323\u03c3\u0323\u03b1 \u03b5\u1f57\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f10\u03b2\u03ac|\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03b1\u03bd, \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u03af\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 | \u03c4\u1f70\u03c2 \u03b8\u03cd\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2. \u1f00\u03b3\u03bd\u03bf\u03b7\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bf\u1f56\u03bd | \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c1\u03b3\u03c9\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03af|\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9 \u03c4\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03b2\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u1f00\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1 | \u1f00\u0323\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ac\u03be\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u1f51\u03c0\u03b7\u0323\u03c1\u0323\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03bf|\u03c8\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd\u0323 \u03c0\u0323\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 | \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u1f50|\u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 | \u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd. vac. | (\u1f14\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2) \u03b3 \u0391\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u039a\u03b1\u03af\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u039c\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03bf\\\u03c5\/ | \u1f38\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a6\u03b9\u03bb\u03af\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u0395\u1f50\u03c3\u03b5\u03b2\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c2 |25 \u0395\u1f50\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u039c\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f38\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 | \u03a6\u03b9\u03bb\u03af\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c4\u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 | \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039a\u03b1\u03af\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 | \u03a3\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd, \u039c\u03b5\u03c7\u03b5\u1f76\u03c1 \u03b9\u03b5\u0323. |\n(m2) \u0391\u1f50\u03c1\u03b7\u03bb(\u03af\u03b1) \u03a3\u03b5\u0323\u03bd\u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u0323\u03c2 \u03a0\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c1 | \u03a4\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u1fc6\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u0323\u03ad\u03b4\u03c9\u03ba\u03b1. | \u1f14\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c8\u03b1 \u1f51\u03c0(\u1f72\u03c1 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2) \u0391\u1f50\u03c1\u03ae\u03bb(\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2) \u03a3\u0323\u03c9\u03c4\u1f74\u03c1 | \u03a3\u03c9\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u1f74 \u27e8\u03b5\u27e9\u1f30\u03b4\u03c5\u03af\u03b1\u0323\u03c2 | \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03bc\u0323\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1. | vac.\n(m3) \u1f10\u03c0\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03b7 \u03a3\u03b1\u03c1\u0323\u03b1\u0323\u03c0\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u1f51(\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2). |\u00a0\u1f34\u0323\u03c3\u0323\u03bf\u03bd \u03b2\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03b9\u03b4\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a3\u03b5\u03bd\u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9|\u03c3\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u0323\u03b1\u03af (l. -\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03af) \u03c3\u03bf\u03b9 \u1f45\u0323\u03c0\u0323\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c3\u0323\u03c5\u03bd\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u1f7c\\\u03bd\/ | \u03b4\u0323\u03b7\u0323\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd\n\u1f30\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u1f78\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u1f7c\u03bd | \u03c4\u0323\u1f74\u0323\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f04\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 | \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c5\u1f31\u1f78\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u0323|\u03c6\u0323\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u0323\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u1fc3\u03c2. | [(\u1f14\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2) \u03b3] \u039c\u03b5\u0323\u03c7[\u03b5\u1f76]\u03c1\u0323 \u03b9\u03b5.\nTo Iulius Ammonius alias Euangelus, strategos of the Thinites, from Aurelia Senpatus daughter of Panuris son of Titoes, from This.\u00a0 Yesterday evening a gang of criminals attacked my house in the village of This and injured my husband Titoes son of Kortas, cobbler, on his left shoulder and on his left hand with swords, they injured also my son Psekes on his head, and stole all of what they found in the house, after having broken down all the doors. Therefore, because these criminals are unknown to me, I send you this petition requesting that you order to your collaborator to inspect their conditions, so that they can receive the due treatments. Third year of Emperor Caesar Marcus Iulius Philippus Pius Felix and of Marcus Iulius Philippus, most worth and noble Caesar, Augusti, 15 Mecheir.\nAurelia Senpatus daughter of Panuris son of Titoes delivered. Being illiterate, Aurelius Soter son of Soter wrote on her behalf.\nThe order has been given to the collaborator Sarapion. A copy of Senpatus' petition has been sent to you so that you bring a public doctor with you, examine the conditions of his husband and his son, and present a written report. Third year, 15 Mecheir.\n\u00a0\n2. P.Oxy. III 475 (Oxyrhynchus, 128 AD): petition requesting a medical inspection preceded by the\u00a0order of the strategos to the hyperetes\n\u1f39\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03be \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03b3\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f48\u03be\u03c5\u03c1\u03c5\u03b3\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039a\u03bb\u03b1\u03c5|\u03b4\u03af\u1ff3 \u03a3\u03b5\u03c1\u03ae\u03bd\u1ff3 \u1f51\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03ad\u03c4\u1fc3.\n\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b4\u03bf\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd|\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b2\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03b9\u03b4\u03af[\u03c9]\u03bd \u1f51[\u03c0]\u1f78 \u039b\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5 | \u03c4\u03bf[\u1fe6] \u03ba(\u03b1\u1f76) \u03a3\u03b5\u03c1\u03ae\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f34\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd \u1f10\u0323\u03c0\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03af (l. \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9-) \u03c3\u03bf\u03b9, | \u1f45\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u1f7c\u0323\u03bd\u0323 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u1f30\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u1f78\u03bd | \u1f10\u03c0[\u03b9]\u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u1fc3\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 (corr. ex \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd) \u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03bd\u03b5|\u03ba\u03c1\u1f78\u03bd \u03c3\u1ff6\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03af|\u03b1\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03c9\u0323\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c6\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c6\u03c9|\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5. (m2) \u03c3\u03b5\u03c3[\u03b7]\u03bc(\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9). | (m1) (\u1f14\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2) \u03ba\u03b3 [\u039c]\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5 \u0391\u1f50\u03c1\u03b7\u03bb\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u039a\u03bf\u03bc\u03bc\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5 | \u1f08\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u039a\u03b1\u03af\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 | \u1f09\u03b8\u1f7a\u03c1 \u03b6. |\n(m3) \u1f39\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1(\u03c4\u03b7\u03b3\u1ff7) | \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f70 \u039b\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 [\u03a3\u03b5\u03c1\u03ae\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7]\u03c1\u03b7|\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03a4\u03b1\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf[\u03c2] \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03a3\u03b5|\u03bd\u03ad\u03c0\u03c4\u03b1. \u1f40\u03c8[\u03af]\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03bb\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3[\u03b7\u03c2] \u1f11\u03ba\u27e8\u03c4\u27e9\u03b7\u03c2 | \u1f11\u03bf\u03c1\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f54\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03a3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ad[\u03c0\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03c1\u03bf]|\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5[\u03c3\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f78] | \u1f14\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03af\u1fb3 \u03a0\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c4\u03af\u03c9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 [\u03b3\u03b1\u03bc]|\u03b2\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6\n\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323[ \u0323] \u0323 \u0323 \u0323 \u0323\u03c4\u03bf\u03b4\u03ae\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 | \u1f18\u03c0\u03b1\u03c6\u03c1\u03cc\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f61\u03c2 | (\u1f10\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd) \u03b7 \u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u1f76\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b4\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 | \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03cd\u03c8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 | \u03b8\u03b5\u03ac\u03c3\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f70\u03c2 [\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf]\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03b1\u03c2 | \u1f14\u03c0\u03b5\u03c3\u03b5\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5[\u03cd]\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5\u03bd. \u03bf\u1f57 \u03c7\u03ac|\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b2\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb{\u03b5}\u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd [\u1f00\u03be]\u03b9\u1ff6 | \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u03cc\u03be\u1fc3 \u03c3\u03bf\u03b9 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ac\u03be\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f15\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 | \u03c3\u1f72 \u1f51\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03a3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c0\u03c4\u03b1 | \u1f45\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f18\u03c0\u03b1\u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u1ff6\u03bc\u03b1 | \u03c4\u03cd\u03c7\u1fc3 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb[\u1fc6\u03c2] \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 | \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2.\n(\u1f14\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2) \u03ba\u03b3 \u0391\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 | \u039a\u03b1\u03af\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u039c\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5 \u0391\u1f50\u03c1\u03b7\u03bb\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u039a\u03bf\u03bc\u03bc\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f08\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 | \u03a3\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f08\u03c1\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6 \u039c\u03b7\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b8\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6 | \u03a3\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6 \u0393\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6 \u039c\u03b5\u03b3\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f09\u03b8\u1f7a\u03c1 \u03b6. |\n----\n\u039b\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03b4\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f41 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03a3\u03b5\u03c1\u1fc6\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9[\u03b4]\u03ad\u03b4\u03c9\u03ba\u03b1.\nHierax, strategos of the Oxyrhynchites, to his collaborator Claudius Serenus. Of the petition presented to me by Leonidas alias Serenus, a copy is sent to you so that you bring a public physician with you and examine the corpse in question, and after giving the permission to bury it, present a written report. (m2) I signed. (m1) Year 23 of Marcus Aurelius Commodus Antoninus Caesar our lord, 7 Hathyr.\n(m3) To Hierax, strategos, from Leonidas alias Serenus, inscribed in the archives as having Tauris as his mother, from Senepta. Yesterday evening, the day 6, when the\u00a0feast at Senepta was taking place, while some castanet players were performing, as usual, at Ploution's house, who is a relative of mine, Epaphrodius, a slave of his, aged 8, after hanging out of the terrace of that house with the intention of watching the performance of the castanet players, fell down and died. Therefore I deliver this petition and ask you, if you agree, to charge a collaborator of yours to go to Senepta so that Epaphroditos' corpse can receive the due treatment and burial. Year 23 of Emperor Caesar Marcus Aurelius Commodus Antoninus Augustus Armenicus Medicus Parthicus Sarmaticus Germanicus Maximus, 7 Hathyr.\nLeonidas alias Serenus delivered.\n\u00a0\n3. P.Oxy. XVII 2111, ii, 32-3 (unknown provenance, c. 135 AD): judicial proceedings for the strangulation of a woman.\n\u1f51\u03c0\u03b7]|\u03c1\u0323\u03ad\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u03b7\u0323\u03bd\u0323 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f30\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u1f78\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u0323[\n...the collaborator and the physician...\n\u00a0\n4. P.Oxy. XII 1502r, i, 1\u00a0(Oxyrhynchus, c. 260\/1 AD): judicial proceedings for an assault\n]\u03bc\u0323\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f30\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b5\u03c6\u03ce\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1.\n...monos, public physician, reported."},{"@type":"C.  COMMENTARY","@lang":"en","@value":"1. The text typology: name, occurrences, evidence.\nThe full name of this documentary typology, \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c6\u03ce\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f30\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6, appears only in P2 (ll. 27-8), a petition recounting the different stages of the administrative procedure. Elsewhere it is called just \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c6\u03ce\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 \u201creport\u201d (P6, l. 11; P11, l. 12; P13, l. 17) or referred to with forms of the verb \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u1ff6 (in several petitions as in most of the reports themselves).\nUp to now, the known medical reports come down to us amount to 30 items: four have been very recently published in the latest volume of the Oxyrhynchus papyri[1]. They date from the end of the 1st to the end of the 4th century AD, with a slight predominance of the latest instances and of the Oxyrhynchite provenance. It is therefore clearly a Roman practice, and it might well reflect the application of Roman law concerning legal medical practice in the Egyptian province[2]. There are duplicates of the same documents (R23=R24 and R28=R29) according to a bureaucratic procedure that is further reflected in the heading of R4 (\u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u201ccopy of the report\u201d): the creation of multiple copies for the official archives and maybe for the private individuals as receipts[3]. Information about the process of inspection is provided also by 14 petitions requesting an official examination: such complementary documents are attested up to the early 6th century.\nA useful overview of the studies, as well as of the main features of this corpus of documents, has been recently provided by HENNIG 2014.\n\u00a0\n2. Administrative framework and medical practice.\nThe administrative pathway of a medical report[4] [B1-2] started with a petition[5] sent by an individual to a public officer with the purpose of reporting a violent fact (usually criminal, but sometimes also accidental, or even just suspicious) and explicitly requesting the dispatch of a functionary to check the conditions of the injured. The petitioner could be either a private individual or a person charged with a public office (including police officers like an eirenophylax, a pediophylax and a riparius), and he could request the public intervention either for himself or for different persons, usually workers or relatives of his.\nUntil the end of the 3rd century AD, the authority in charge was the strategos of the nomos. Diocletian's municipal reform decreased the strategos' powers to the sole tax exaction, under the title of exactor[6], and put the nomoi under the authority of the logistes or curator civitatis[7], flanked by the syndikos \/ ekdikos or defensor civitatis[8] and by the prytanis[9]. This transformation clearly affects our documents, in that the addressee shifts to the logistes, the prytanis, the syndikos, the ekdikos, as well as some police officers such as nyktostrategoi and riparii[10]. This important change seems not to take place at the same time everywhere: in the Arsinoites and in the Hermopolites petitions and reports are addressed to the strategos still during the first quarter of the 4th cent. AD, while in the Herakleopolites and above all in the Oxyrhynchites the replacement takes place earlier[11].\nThe official delegate charged of the inspection is usually called hyperetes, \u201ccollaborator\u201d of the competent authority[12]. At least until the beginning of the 4th century AD he is charged by the strategos (later by the logistes[13]) of recruiting a physician as a specialist consultant and of performing the examination along with him. It is important to stress that the key figure of the entire procedure is the hyperetes himself (see above): his presence, apparently essential to grant the necessary official flavour of the process[14], is explicitly requested in the petitions and mentioned in the reports, while the reference to the physician is often omitted[15]. The complete disappearance of the hyperetes from the Oxyrhynchite reports during almost all the 4th century AD is noteworthy, but likely due to a change in the formulary rather than to administrative changes, because it is not paralleled in other nomoi[16]. Indeed in the 5th\/6th-century Oxyrhynchite petitions a public functionary is mentioned again, now the boethos (\u201ccollaborator\u201d) or the demosios taboularios (\u201cpublic notary\u201d[17]). At the same time, in the reports it is added a starting clause containing the details of the original petition: this likely shows that the bureaucratic focus moved from the executing authority to the actual request for intervention, but does not imply the disappearance of the functionary from the actual medical inspection.\nThe specialist who actually performs the inspections and writes down the final report is called, from the Sixties of the 2nd century onwards, demosios iatros, \u201cpublic physician\u201d[18]. This profession was likely established after Antoninus Pius\u2019 decree limiting the number of doctors exempted from the liturgies (compulsory public services), by introducing a procedure of selection (dokimasia), which is perhaps reflected by the formulary of the Hermopolite reports, in which the public physician is presented as \u201cof those who are included in the fixed number of the selected of the city\u201d[19]. Earlier, the official inspections were performed juts by a \u201cdoctor\u201d (iatros, echon iatrieion) and occasionally by other experts like entaphiastai (mummifiers: R5[20]) or maiai (midwives: P10, P.Gen. II 103[21]). Sometimes the public doctors involved in the inspection were more than one[22], but it seems to depend on temporary circumstances rather than on an established praxis[23].\nNot always the place of the examination is recorded. In most cases it was the patient's house, which seems to be the usual practice. Only in the said case of the hanged, the inspection takes place in someone else's house: it is likely where the tragedy happened, though nothing explicit is told by the report. More puzzling is the mention of the logisterion (the office of public accounting[24]) as the set of medical inspections. In R21 we do not find any apparent reason why Aurelius Paesis son of Senenophis, a private individual exhibiting blows and injuries on the left side of his body, had to be examined \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u1f60\u0345 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03af\u03c9\u0345 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u0345 (\u201con a table of the public logisterion\u201d). The report is addressed to the logistes, whose name is indeed etymologically connected to that office, but other documents addressed to the same official describe inspections in private houses, so the connection must be purely accidental. We know that the logisterion could have acted as a place of lawsuits[25] and, above all, it included a prison, intended (just as the one attached to the praktoreion, the office of the tax exactors) for the culprits of tax crimes[26]. The case described in P.Oxy. XLIII 3104 (not actually a medical report, nor a true petition) is therefore meaningful. The keepers of the logisterion of Oxyrhynchus[27] communicate the death of a tax farmer that was brought to them, being already ill, by a desmophylax (jailer)[28]. The likely background is that the tax farmer had been arrested for the usual irregularities in the exactions, temporarily imprisoned in a desmoterion (prison for private crimes) and thence transferred - already ill - to the logisterion (not necessarily while waiting for the process, as suggested in the introduction of the ed.pr.)[29]. When requested in such cases, the medical inspection likely had to be carried out in the place of detainment of the subject, and that must be the case for R21.\nTiming is usually quite fast, as we would expect for health reasons: from the few extant references we know that the inspection was performed the very same day in which it was ordered by the authority, or the following one - that is just two days after the petition was issued. This could have been set according to the seriousness of the injuries[30].\n\u00a0\n3. Purposes of the official medical inspections.\nMost of the examinations relate to injuries (or death) caused by criminal assaults[31]. It is however puzzling that, out of many petitions dealing with wounds as a consequence of violent robberies or assaults (e.g. 124 contain the key-word \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03b3\u03b1\u03af), only 14 issue the request for an official examination of the injured (about 40 instances if we add the data from the reports, which actually imply the same amount of petitions), and one may wonder why. According to H. Heinen, \u201cin erster Linie d\u00fcrfte die obligatorische amts\u00e4rztliche Untersuchung gewaltsamer oder verd\u00e4chtiger Todesf\u00e4lle Teil eines Ma\u00dfnahmenkataloges gewesen sein, dessen Ziel in der Aufrechterhaltung von geordneten Verh\u00e4ltnissen in der Provinz sowie in der Kl\u00e4rung von Gewalttaten bestand\u201d[32], but this was the more general purpose of all the petitions[33]. If we recall that \u201ca petition could be a way of forcing another party to negotiate seriously for a settlement, or could raise the implicit threat of litigation to force another party\u2019s compliance to a settlement reached through negotiation, mediation, or arbitration\u201d[34], we may infer that the medical inspection of the injured's conditions was requested only when the \u201ccase\u201d was meant to be discussed in a tribunal, and therefore evidence of the crime was needed (\u03bc\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03c5|\u03c1{\u03b5}\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 in the words of the petitioner of P9, ll. 16-7; cf. \u03bc\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 ibid., ll. 8-9). See also P8, ll. 6-9, where it is said that the report will be kept at the official archive until the court decision, as well as P2 and P10, where from the general context it is clear that the results of the inspection should be used as evidence in a legal dispute[35]. Scarce and fragmentary, but not absent, are the references to medical inspections in the extant court proceedings (P.Oxy. XVII 2111 and XII 1502 [B3-4])[36].\nThe said judicial outcome was clearly not envisaged for the inspections performed in case of accidents or illnesses. Accidental falls are the causes of the injuries described in R20 and of the deaths reported in P3 and P4; an illness is the reason for the absence of the workers examined in R18 and in SPP I 3 (which is likely to be a private document[37]) and for the death of the irenarch inspected in R30. Scholars have advanced different explanations for these particular circumstances. Lately, A. Ricciardetto has recalled P. Charlier's distinction between violent death (accidental, criminal, or due to suicide) and natural death[38], but this does not fit the more general context of the medical inspections, which deal also with non-lethal wounds and diseases. On the other hand, the possibility suggested by D. Hennig, that in such cases the person who requested the inspection wanted to accuse someone of the fact[39], looks weak in that medical examinations clearly did not aim at ascertaining the causes of what the doctor described[40] (no \u201ccrime scene investigation\u201d took place[41]). Even in R30, where the doctor declares not to have found signs of violence on the irenarch's body, stating that he died of a violent illness, he is just reporting the actual conditions of the corpse. And in R18, where it is apparent that the purpose of the examination is to certify that the sick is really unable to go to work, again the report is restricted to the pure attestation of the fever status.\nFurthermore, it must be stressed that, when explicit, the purpose for which the medical inspection was requested is the possibility to proceed with the due medical treatments, or - in case of death - with the burial. This looks odd, since it introduces a completely private dimension in an otherwise public plea. U. Wilcken's statement that \u201cin einem solchen Fall [...] ohne Gutachten des Arztes die Leiche zur Bestattung nicht freigegeben [wurde]\u201d[42] is a description rather than an explanation, and still does not consider the cases other than death. The easiest explanation is that it was necessary to complete the official examinations before proceeding with any operation that could alter the person\u2019s conditions: medical treatments and burial, therefore, are not the immediate purpose of the petition, but rather a collateral, though urgent need[43]. In fact, the unity of purpose of the documents belonging to this particular corpus is given by the comparison with the other reports of official expertise. If we cease focusing on the specific content and look at them as official reports, we can easily draw the conclusion that they served as a general legal certification (hence the pivotal role of the hyperetes) of bad health conditions or death, regardless of any further employment.\n\n\n[1] HIRT 2014\n\n\n[2] Cf. AMUNDSEN-FERNGREN 1978, 53; MITTHOF 2007, 308-9; RICCIARDETTO 2013, 111.\n\n\n[3] Cf. RICCIARDETTO 2013, 198 n. 28; REGGIANI forthcoming.\n\n\n[4] Cf. SAN NICOL\u00d2 1912, 126-8; AMUNDSEN-FERNGREN 1978, 43 ff.; TORALLAS TOVAR 2004, 184-6; HIRT RAJ 2006, 112; RICCIARDETTO 2013, 102 ff.; REGGIANI forthcoming.\n\n\n[5] On petitions in Roman Egypt see, in general, KELLY 2011.\n\n\n[6] Cf. REES 1954, 87; LALLEMAND 1964, xxx-xxx; BOWMAN 1974, 43-5; BAGNALL 1993, 61.\n\n\n[7] Cf. REES 1954; LALLEMAND 1964, 107-14; BAGNALL 1993, 60-2; with reference to the medical reports, see LALLEMAND 1964, 109, and TORALLAS TOVAR 2004, 187-8.\n\n\n[8] syndikos: cf. BOWMAN 1971, 46-52; BAGNALL 1993, 165; ekdikos: P.Louvre II 116 ad 2, p. 101; REES 1952; LALLEMAND 1964, xxx-xxx; MANNINO 1984; BAGNALL 1993, 61; FRAKES 1994; TORALLAS TOVAR 2000, 120; TORALLAS TOVAR 2001, 131-2. R17 is addressed to both logistes and ekdikos; the collaboration between these two officials is attested also in PSI VII 767 (petition, Oxyrhynchus, 331 AD) and P.Oxy. XII 1426 (assignment of a worker, Oxyrhynchites, 332 AD).\n\n\n[9] Cf. P.Oxy. XLV 3245, Introduction; BOWMAN 1971, 53-67.\n\n\n[10] Cf. NANETTI 1941, 304-5; KELLY 2011, 32. Nyktostrategoi: SIJPESTEIJN 1968; THOMAS 1969; BAGNALL 1993, 164-5; TORALLAS TOVAR 2000, 117-20; TORALLAS TOVAR 2001, 124-5, 128, 131; TORALLAS TOVAR 2004, 188; riparii: BAGNALL 1993, 61, 165; TORALLAS TOVAR 2001.\n\n\n[11] \"Forse ci sono differenze tra localit\u00e0 e localit\u00e0 o tra responsabili giudiziari di diversi tipi e livelli\" (MANFREDI 2004, 155-6). On the privileged condition of the city of Oxyrhynchus from Septimius Severus onwards see MERTENS 1958, v. On the procedural continuity of the medical inspections notwithstanding the administrative changes see RICCIARDETTO 2013, 111-2.\n\n\n[12] Cf. STRASSI 1997, 40-8, part. 46-7; TORALLAS TOVAR 2004, 190.\n\n\n[13] Cf. STRASSI 1997, 48-9.\n\n\n[14] Cf. BOSWINKEL 1956, 183 183\u00a0 (\u201cc\u2019est le \u1f51\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 le principal personnage en cette proc\u00e9dure officielle, et [\u2026] le m\u00e9decin n\u2019a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 que l\u2019expert d\u00e9sign\u00e9 pour un but sp\u00e9cial\u201d); KUPISZEKWSI-MODRZEJEWSKI 1958, 163-4; AMUNDSEN-FERNGREN 1978, 352; RICCIARDETTO 2013, 105. The hyperetai were employed to authenticate, record, notify declarations, deeds, orders, minutes, and to deliver the official correspondence of the functionaries: cf. STRASSI 1997, 17-8, 2-8.\n\n\n[15] It is therefore misleading to infer \"la desaparici\u00f3n del \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f30\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2 a finales del siglo IV\" (TORALLAS TOVAR 2004, 191) from the lack of the mentions of him (cf. P10).\n\n\n[16] In the Hermopolites, for example, they flank the ekdikos and the nyktostrategos: cf. BOSWINKEL 1956, 184. On the hyperetai of these officials see STRASSI 1997, 49-50.\n\n\n[17] = lat. tabellarius (HIRSCHFELD 1963, 200-2; KOLBE 2001). On the role of the tabellarius in the official validation of adminitrative documents (similar to the competences of the hyperetes) see HAENSCH 2000, passim, part. 269.\n\n\n[18] Cf. TAUBENSCHLAG 1955, 633-4; ROESCH 1982; TORALLAS TOVAR 2004, 188-90; MITTHOF 2007, 56-7; RICCIARDETTO 2013, 109 ff. In general on the public physicians see COHN-HAFT 1956; ANDORLINI-MARCONE 2004, 164-6, 171.\n\n\n[19] Cf. P.Louvre II 116 ad 4, p. 102; SAN NICOLO' 1912, 128; BOSWINKEL 1956, 185; MANFREDI 2004, 155; HIRT RAJ 2006, 102-3 ff. In general on the exemption of the doctors from the liturgies see BELOW 1953, 22-40; ZALATEO 1957; LEWIS 1965.\n\n\n[20] Cf. REGGIANI 2015.\n\n\n[21] Cf. TORALLAS TOVAR 2004, 190; HIRT RAJ 2006, 114-5. The procedure of the inspection conducted by a midwife parallels that by the public physicians and can be followed in P.Gen. II 103, ii (Arsinoites, 147 AD), which in its first lines preserves the end of a petition to the strategos for the tutorship of an underage, in which a certain Petronilla mentions the official report of a visit conducted by a midwife: \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03c0\u03ad\u03bc\u03c8\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc \u03c3\u03bf\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03c7\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 | \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c3\u1f7a\u03bd \u03bc\u03ad\u03b1\u03b9 (l. \u03bc\u03b1\u03af\u03b1\u03b9) \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03ba\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2\u0323 | \u1f14\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd (ll. 24-6) \"he informed you that he visited me along with a midwife and found me pregnant\" (cf. KUPISZEWSKI 1952, 264-5).\n\n\n[22] Cf. NANETTI 1941, 306.\n\n\n[23] Cf. MITTHOF 2007, 57.\n\n\n[24] Cf. FR\u00d6HLICH 2004, 72-5.\n\n\n[25] P.Oxy. LIV 3758, 98.\n\n\n[26] P.Panop.Beatty 1 ad 228; TAUBENSCHLAG 1959, 715.\n\n\n[27] Cf. P.Oxy. XLIII 3104, Introduction and ad 8; P.Oxy. L 3576 ad 18-9.\n\n\n[28] For bibliography on the desmophylax see REGGIANI 2012, 369. For this particular document see MEDICALIA ONLINE s.v. Declaration of death.\n\n\n[29] On the role of the desmophylax in the transfer of prisoners, see REGGIANI 2012, 375, with further bibliography.\n\n\n[30] Cf. P.Oxy. LXXX 5255 ad 11-12.\n\n\n[31] Cf. BALDWYN 1963, part. 259-61. The requests of inspection in case of death are of course different - as to structure, purpose and official addressee - than the declarations of death, addressed to administrative officials to announce the decease of a private individual for the sake of tax management and population control (cf. MERTENS 1958, 65-77; CASARICO 1985, part. 3-22). On the difference between the two aspects cf. HEINEN 2006, part. 196-8, and now MEDICALIA ONLINE s.v. Declaration of death.\n\n\n[32] HEINEN 2006, 202.\n\n\n[33] Cf. BAGNALL 1989; BRYEN 2008, 184 (\"The importance of visible injury, and the consequent exposure to public view, was a central concern in petitions from Egypt. Visibility was especially important as a motif in that it was a discourse that was accessible to all free individuals in a society\").\n\n\n[34] KELLY 2012, xxx.\n\n\n[35] On the processual use of the medical reports cf. KUPISZEWSKI 1952, 263-5; AMUNDSEN-FERNGREN 1978, 344; HIRT RAJ 2006, 115-9; MITTHOF 2007, 58-60; HENNIG 2013, 5-6.\n\n\n[36] Cf. NANETTI 1941, 303-4; KUPISZEWSKI 1952, 264; AMUNDSEN-FERNGREN 1978, 348; TORALLAS TOVAR 2004, 186; RICCIARDETTO 2013, 108-9. On the processual outcome of petition in the Roman age see KELLY 2011, 94-107.\n\n\n[37] Cf. e.g. SUDHOFF 1909, 247; NANETTI 1941, 302; TORALLAS TOVAR 2004, 192.\n\n\n[38] CHARLIER 2009, 11-13; RICCIARDETTO 2013, 109.\n\n\n[39] HENNIG 2014, 6.\n\n\n[40] Cf. AMUNDSEN-FERNGREN 1978, 347-8.\n\n\n[41] TORALLAS TOVAR 2004, 184, speaks of crime scene investigation. Contra: REGGIANI forthcoming. On the true investigations see DAVIES 1973; in general on criminal law in Roman Egypt see SAN NICOLO' 1912 and TAUBENSCHLAG 1972, 79 ff.\n\n\n[42] [35] WILCKEN Chrest., 573.\n\n\n[43] Two particular documents are BGU I 45 (AD 203, from Soknopaiou Nesos) and P.Princ. II 29 (AD 258, from Kaminou), two petitions addressed to the strategos of the Herakleides division (Arsinoites) by two privates who report accidents involving severe injury to, respectively, the son of the former (attacked and beaten during agricultural work) and the brother of the latter (fallen from a roof during an attack by Libyans). In both, the writers ask that the case is registered (\u1f10\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u1ff7 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9: BGU 45,16-17; P.Princ. 29,17-18) so that the injured do not die (\u03bc\u1f74 \u1f04\u03c1\u03b1 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03ce\u03c0\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9 | \u03c4\u1ff7 [\u03c5\u1f31\u1ff7] \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u1fc7\u03bc\u1f74: BGU 45,18-19; [\u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72\u03bd] \u1f00\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0{\u03b5}\u03b9|\u03bd\u1f78\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff7 \u03c3[\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2]\u1fc7: P.Princ. 29,18-19). Both look to me (as already to the editor of the Princeton papyrus) like soliciting requests: the impression is that the petitioners had already requested some medical inspection for the injured, but the practices were somehow delayed, and now the subjects risk their life (that the writers ask that the report be kept on file in case the injured should die [as argued by HENNIG 2014, 20-1, but already envisaged in the translation by YOUTIE 1978, 293] seems less likely, since they would be very strange and unparalleled cases of declaration of death in advance \u2013 see Medicalia Online s.v. Declaration of death).\n\n"},{"@type":"D.  BIBLIOGRAPHY","@lang":"en","@value":"D.W. Amundsen, G.B. Ferngren (1978), The Forensic Role of Physicians in Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt, \u201cBulletin of the History of Medicine\u201d52, 336-53.\nI. Andorlini, A. Marcone (2004), Medicina, medico e societ\u00e0 nel mondo antico, Firenze.\nR.S. Bagnall (1989), Official and Private Violence in Roman Egypt, BASP 26, 201-16.\nR.S. Bagnall (1993), Egypt in Late Antiquity, Princeton (NJ).\nB. Baldwin (1963), Crime and Criminals in Graeco-Roman Egypt, \u201cAegyptus\u201d43, 256-63.\nK.-H. Below (1953), Der Arzt im r\u00f6mischen Recht, M\u00fcnchen.\nE. Boswinkel (1956), La m\u00e9decine et les m\u00e9decins dans les papyrus grecs, \"Eos\"48.1 (Symbolae Raphaeli Taubenschlag dedicatae), 181-90.\nA.K. Bowman (1971), The Town Councils of Roman Egypt, Toronto.\nA.K. Bowman (1974), Some Aspects of the Reform of Diocletian in Egypt, in Akten des XIII. Internationalen Papyrologenkongresses (Marburg\/Lahn, 2.-6. August 1971), herausgegeben vonE. Kiessling und H.-A. Rupprecht, M\u00fcnchen, 43-51.\nA.Z. Bryen (2008), Visibility and Violence in Petitions from Roman Egypt, GRBS 48, 181-200.\nL. Casarico (1985), Il controllo della popolazione nell\u2019Egitto romano, 1. Le denunce di morte, Azzate.\nP. Charlier (2009), Male mort. Morts violentes dans l\u2019Antiquit\u00e9, Paris.\nL. Cohn-Haft (1956), The Public Physicians of Ancient Greece, Northampton.\nR.A. Coles (1966), Reports of Proceedings in Papyri, Bruxelles.\nH. Cuvigny (1985), L\u2019arpentage par esp\u00e8ces dans l\u2019\u00c9gypte ptol\u00e9ma\u00efque d\u2019apr\u00e8s les papyrus grecs, Brussels.\nR.W. Davies (1973), The Investigation of Some Crimes in Roman Egypt, AncSoc 4, 199-212.\nR.M. Frakes (1994), Late Roman Social Justice and the Origin of the Defensor Civitatis, CJ89, 337-48.\nP. Fr\u00f6hlich (2004), Logist\u00e8rion. \u00c0 propos d'une inscription de Kym\u00e8 r\u00e9cemment publi\u00e9e, REG 117, 59-81.\nR. Haensch (2000), Le r\u00f4le des officialesde l\u2019administration provinciale dans le processus de d\u00e9cision, CCG 11, 259-76.\nH. Heinen (2006), Amts\u00e4rztliche Untersuchung eines toten Sklaven. \u00dcberlegungen zu P.Oxy. III 475, in Medicina e societ\u00e0 nel mondo antico. Atti del convegno di Udine (4-5 ottobre 2005), a cura di A. Marcone, Firenze, 194-202.\nD. Hennig (2014), Amtlich angeordnete \u00e4rztliche Untersuchungen im r\u00f6mischen \u00c4gypten, \u201eChiron\u201c 44, 1-21.\nO. Hirschfeld (1963), Die kaiserlichen Verwaltungsbeamten bis auf Diocletian, Berlin.\nM. Hirt (2014), Medical Reports, in The Oxyrhynchus Papyri, Volume LXXX, edited by M. Hirt, D. Leith and W.B. Henry, London, 159-65.\nM. Hirt Raj (2006), M\u00e9decins et malades de l\u2019\u00c9gypte romaine, Leiden-Boston.\nB. Kelly (2011), Petitions, Litigation, and Social Control in Roman Egypt, Oxford.\nA. Kolbe (2001), Tabellarius, in Der neue Pauly. Enzyklop\u00e4die der Antike, herausgegeben von H. Canck und H. Schneider, Stuttgart-Weimar, XI, 1190-1.\nH. Kupiszewski (1952), Surveyourship in the Law of Greco-Roman Egypt, JJP6, 257-68.\nH. Kupiszewski, J. Modrzejewski (1958), \u03a5\u03a0\u0397\u03a1\u0395\u03a4\u0391\u0399. \u00c9tude sur les fonctions et le r\u00f4le des hyperet\u00e8s dans l\u2019administration civile et judiciaire de l\u2019\u00c9gypte gr\u00e9co-romaine, JJP11-12, 141-66.\nJ. Lallemand (1964), L\u2019administration civile de l'\u00c9gypte de l'av\u00e8nement de Diocl\u00e9tien \u00e0 la cr\u00e9ation du dioc\u00e8se (284-382). Contribution \u00e0 l'\u00e9tude des rapports entre l'\u00c9gypte et l'Empire \u00e0 la fin du IIIe et au IVe si\u00e8cle, Bruxelles.\nN. Lewis (1965), Exemption of Physicians from Liturgy, BASP 2, 87-92.\nM. Manfredi (2004), Qualche osservazione sui referti medici nei papiri, in Testi medici su papiro. Atti del Seminario di studio (Firenze, 3-4 giugno 2002), a cura di I. Andorlini, Firenze, 153-70.\nV. Mannino (1984), Ricerche sul \u201cdefensor civitatis\u201d, Milano.\nH.J. Mason, Greek Terms for Roman Institutions. A Lexicon and Analysis, Toronto.\nP. Mertens (1958), Les Services de l\u2019\u00c9tat Civil et le Contr\u00f4le de la Population \u00e0 Oxyrhynchus au IIIe si\u00e8cle de notre \u00e8re, Bruxelles.\nF. Mitthof (2007), Forensische Medizin im r\u00f6mischen \u00c4gypten, in Zwischen Magie und Wissenschaft. \u00c4rzte und Heilkunst in den Papyri aus \u00c4gypten, herausgegeben vonH. Froschauer und C. R\u00f6mer, Wien, 55-63.\nO. Nanetti (1941), Ricerche sui medici e sulla medicina nei papiri, \u201cAegyptus\u201d21, 301-4.\nB.R. Rees (1952), The Defensor Civitatis in Egypt, JJP 6, 73-102.\nB.R. Rees (1954), The Curator Civitatis in Egypt, JJP 7-8, 83-105.\nN. Reggiani (2012), Carcere e carcerieri nell\u2019Egitto tolemaico. Note storiche e papirologiche, REA 114, 367-86.\nN. Reggiani (2015), Ispezionare cadaveri: mummificatori, medici e anatomisti nell\u2019Egitto greco-romano (a proposito di P.Oxy. III 476),\u00a0 MBAH 33, 75-86.\nN. Reggiani (forthcoming), I papiri greci di medicina come fonti storiche: il caso dei rapporti dei medici pubblici nell\u2019Egitto greco-romano, in Proceedings of the International Conference \u201cRetour aux Sources: les Anciens des Antiques, les Antiques des Modernes\u201d (Besan\u00e7on 26-28.09.2013).\nA. Ricciardetto (2013), \u2018Inspecter un corps mort\u2019: contribution des rapports m\u00e9dicaux sur papyrus (Ier-IVe si\u00e8cles de notre \u00e8re) \u00e0 l\u2019histoire de la pratique m\u00e9dico-l\u00e9gale antique, in 4e Colloque International de Pathographie (Saint Jean de Cole, mai 2011), actes publi\u00e9s sous la direction de P. Charlier et D. Gourevitch, Paris, 101-15.\nP. Roesch (1982), Medecins publics dans l\u2019Egypte imp\u00e9riale, in M\u00e9decins et M\u00e9decine dans l\u2019Antiquit\u00e9 (Centre Jean Palerne - M\u00e9moires III), \u00e9dit\u00e9 parG. Sabbah, Saint-\u00c9tienne, 119-28.\nM. San Nicol\u00f2 (1912), Strafrechtliches au den griechischen Papyri. Eine rechthistorische Skizze, \u201eArchiv f\u00fcr Kriminal-Anthropologie und Kriminalistik\u201c46, 118-45.\nP.J. Sijpesteijn (1968), Angabe an einen Nyktostrategen, in Antidoron Martino David oblatum. Miscellanea Papyrologica, edited byP.J. Sijpesteijn, B.A. Van Groningen, P.W. Pestman, Leiden, 128-32.\nI.A. Sparks (1971), A Report of Accidental Death, BASP 8, 7-10.\nS. Strassi (1997), Le funzioni degli \u1f51\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 nell\u2019Egitto greco e romano, Heidelberg.\nK. Sudhoff (1909), \u00c4rztliches aus griechischen Papyrus-Urkunden. Bausteine zu einer medizinischen Kulturgeschichte des Hellenismus, Leipzig.\nR. Taubenschlag (1955), The Law of Graeco-Roman Egypt in the Light of the Papyri. 332 B.C. \u2013 640 A.D., Warsaw2 [19441].\nR. Taubenschlag (1972), Das Strafrecht im Rechte der Papyri, Aalen [Leipzig 1916].\nJ.D. Thomas (1969), The Nyctostrategia in the Egyptian Metropoleis, CE 44, 347-52.\nS. Torallas Tovar (2000), The Police in Byzantine Egypt: The Hierarchy in the Papyri from the Fourth to the Seventh Centuries, in Current Research in Egyptology, edited by A. McDonald and C. Riggs, Oxford, 115-23.\nS. Torallas Tovar (2001), Los riparii en los papiros del Egipto tardoantiguo, \u201cAquila Legionis\u201d1, 123-51.\nS. Torallas Tovar (2004), La pr\u00e1ctica forense en el Egipto romano, CFC(G) 14, 183-200.\nU. Wilcken (1913), Papyrus-Urkunden, APF 5, 198-300.\nH.C. Youtie (1978), Critical Trifles VI, ZPE 29, 293-4 [= Scriptiunculae Posteriores, I, Bonn 1981, 465-6].\nG. Zalateo (1957), Un nuovo significato della parola \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1, \u201cAegyptus\u201d37, 32-40.\n\u00a0\nA general bibliography (updated to 2011), edited by A. Ricciardetto, is available online at http:\/\/web.philo.ulg.ac.be\/cedopal\/petitions-et-rapports-medicaux-bibliographie\/"},{"@type":"E.  DDbDP reference(s)","@lang":"en","@value":"1. MEDICAL REPORTS\n\n\n\n\nID\n\n\nText \n\n\nDate AD \n\n\nPlace \n\n\nAddressee \n\n\nAuthor \n\n\nPresence of the collaborator \n\n\nObject of inspection \n\n\n\nR1\n\nP.Oxy. LXXX 5254\n\n\n89-94\n\n\nOxyrhynchus\n\n\u00a0strategos\ndoctors\u00a0\nno\u00a0\n\u00a0n.d.\n\n\n\nR2\n\n\nP.Oslo III 95\n\n\n96\n\n\nOxyrhynchus\n\n\nstrategos\n\n\ndoctor\n\n\nyes \n\ninjuries\n\n\nR3\u00a0\n\nP.Oxy. LXXX 5255\n\n\n118-21 or 166-8\n\n\nOxyrhynchus\n\n\u00a0strategos\ndoctor\u00a0\nyes\u00a0\ninjuries\u00a0\n\n\n\nR4\n\n\nBGU II 647, ii\n\n\n130\n\n\nKaranis (Arsinoites)\n\n\nstrategos\n\n\ndoctor + presbyteroi \n\n\nyes \n\n\ninjuries\n\n\n\n\nR5\n\n\nP.Oxy. III 476\n\n\n159-161\n\n\nOxyrhynchus\n\n\nstrategos\n\n\nmummifiers\n\n\nyes \n\n\n\u00a0death\n\n\n\n\nR6\n\n\nP.Oxy. I 51\n\n\n173\n\n\n\u00a0Oxyrhynchus\n\n\nstrategos\n\n\npublic doctor\n\n\n\u00a0yes \n\n\ndeath\n\n\n\n\nR7\n\n\nPSI V 455\n\n\n178\n\n\nOxyrhynchus?\n\n\nn.d.\n\n\npublic doctor\n\n\nyes \n\ninjuries\n\n\nR8\n\nP.Oxy. LXXX 2556\n\n\n190\n\n\nOxyrhynchus\n\n\u00a0n.d.\npublic doctor\u00a0\nn.d.\u00a0\ninjuries\u00a0\n\n\n\nR9\n\n\nP.Oslo III 96\n\n\n272\n\n\nn.d.\n\n\nn.d.\n\n\nn.d.\n\n\nn.d.\n\n\n\u00a0n.d.\n\n\n\n\nR10\n\n\nP.Oxy. LV 3245, i\n\n\n297\n\n\nOxyrhynchus\n\n\nprytanis \n\n\npublic doctor\n\n\nyes \n\n\ninjuries\n\n\n\n\nR11\n\n\nP.Oxy. LV 3245, ii\n\n\n297 (?)\n\n\n\u00a0Oxyrhynchus\n\n\nn.d.\n\n\n\u00a0n.d.\n\n\n\u00a0yes \n\n\nn.d.\n\n\n\n\nR12\n\n\nP.Mert. II 89\n\n\n300\n\n\n(Arsinoites)\n\n\nstrategos\n\n\nhyperetes \n\n\nyes \n\n\n\u00a0injuries\n\n\n\n\nR13\n\n\nP.Oxy. LIV 3729\n\n\n307\n\n\nOxyrhynchus\n\n\nlogistes \n\n\npublic doctor\n\nno\n\ninjuries\n\n\n\n\nR14\n\n\nBGU III 928\n\n\n307 or 311\n\n\n\u00a0Herakleopolis Magna\n\n\nlogistes \n\n\n\u00a0public doctor\n\n\n\u00a0no\n\n\ninjuries\n\n\n\nR15\n\nP.Oxy. LXXX 5257\n\n\n312\n\n\nOxyrhynchus\n\n\u00a0logistes\n\u00a0public doctor\n\u00a0no\n\u00a0injuries\n\n\n\nR16\n\n\nP.Oxy. LXIV 4441, i = VI 983 = SB III 6003\n\n\n315\/6\n\n\nOxyrhynchus\n\n\nlogistes \n\n\npublic doctor\n\n\nno\n\ninjuries\n\n\n\nR17\n\n\nP.Oxy. LXIV 4441, ii = VI 983 = SB III 6003\n\n\n315\/6\n\n\n\u00a0Oxyrhynchus\n\n\nlogistes \n\n\n\u00a0public doctor\n\nno\n\ninjuries\n\n\n\n\nR18\n\n\n\u00a0P.Oxy. VI 896, ii\n\n\n\u00a0316\n\n\nOxyrhynchus\n\n\nlogistes \n\n\npublic doctors\n\n\nno\n\n\nfever\n\n\n\n\nR19\n\n\nCPR XVIIA 23\n\n\n322\n\n\nHermopolis\n\n\nstrategos \/ exactor \n\n\npublic doctor\n\n\nyes \n\n\n\u00a0injuries\n\n\n\n\nR20\n\n\n\u00a0P.Oxy. I 52\n\n\n\u00a0325\n\n\nOxyrhynchus\n\n\nlogistes \n\n\npublic doctors\n\n\nno\n\n\ninjuries\n\n\n\n\nR21\n\n\n\u00a0P.Oxy. XLIV 3195, ii\n\n\n\u00a0331\n\n\nOxyrhynchus\n\n\nlogistes\u00a0& ekdikos \n\n\npublic doctors\n\n\nno\n\n\ninjuries\n\n\n\n\nR22\n\n\nP.Oxy. LXVI 4528 = LXIII 4366\n\n\n336\n\n\nOxyrhynchus\n\n\nSyndikos \n\n\npublic doctors\n\n\nno\n\n\n\u00a0injuries\n\n\n\n\nR23\n\n\nSB XX 14639 = P.Cair.Preis. 7\n\n\n330-340\n\n\nHermopolis\n\n\nekdikos \n\n\npublic doctor & hyperetes\n\n\nyes \n\n\n\u00a0injuries\n\n\n\n\nR24\n\n\nSB XX 14638 = P.Louvre II 116\n\n\n330-40\n\n\nHermopolis\n\n\nekdikos\n\n\npublic doctor & hyperetes\n\n\u00a0yes\n\u00a0injuries\n\n\n\nR25\n\n\nP.Athen. 34\n\n\n347\n\n\nn.d.\n\n\nn.d.\n\n\npublic doctor\n\nno\ninjuries\n\n\n\nR26\n\n\nP.Oxy. LXIII 4370\n\n\n354\n\n\nOxyrhynchus\n\n\u00a0logistes\npublic doctors\u00a0\nno\u00a0\n\u00a0injuries\n\n\n\nR27\n\n\nP.Oxy. LXVI 4529\n\n\n376\n\n\nOxyrhynchus\n\n\u00a0logistes\n\u00a0public doctors\nno\u00a0\n\u00a0n.d.\n\n\n\nR28\n\n\nP.Lips. I 42\n\n\n391\n\n\nHermopolis\n\nnyktostrategos\npublic doctor\nyes\ninjuries\n\n\n\nR29\n\n\nP.Lips. inv.7 (edited in P.Lips. I 42)\n\n\n391\n\n\nHermopolis\n\nnyktostrategos\npublic doctor\nyes\ninjuries\n\n\n\nR30\n\n\nP.Rein. II 92\n\n\n393\n\n\nOxyrhynchus\n\n\u00a0logistes\npublic doctor\u00a0\n\u00a0no\ndeath\u00a0\n\n\n\n\u00a0\u00a0\n2. PETITIONS REQUESTING\u00a0A MEDICAL INSPECTION\n\u00a0\n\n\n\n\nID\n\n\nText\n\n\nDate AD\n\n\nPlace\n\n\nAddressee\n\n\nPerson requested\n\n\nObject of inspection\n\n\nPurpose of the petition\n\n\n\n\nP1\n\n\nP.Harr. II 192\n\n\n167\n\n\nn.d.\n\n\nstrategos\n\n\nhyperetes\n\n\n\u00a0\n\n\nn.d.\n\n\n\n\nP2\n\n\nP.Oxy. XXXI 2563\n\n\nc. 170\n\n\nOxyrhymchus\n\n\nthe main text is addressed to the epistrategus, but refers to a petition to the strategos\n\n\nhyperetes\n\n\ninjuries\n\n\nn.d.\n\n\n\n\nP3\n\n\nC.Pap.Gr. II App.2\n\n\n178\n\n\nChysis (Oxyrhynchites)\n\n\nstrategos\n\n\nn.d. (\u201cthe usual formalities\u201d)\n\n\ndeath\n\n\nburial \n\n\n\n\nP4\n\n\nP.Oxy. III 475 = Chr.W. 494\n\n\n182\n\n\nOxyrhynchus\n\n\nstrategos \n\n\nhyperetes \n\n\ndeath\n\n\nburial\n\n\n\n\nP5\n\n\nP.Lond. II 214 = Chr.W. 177\n\n\n200\n\n\nMemphis\n\n\nstrategos \n\n\nhyperetes\n\n\ninjuries\n\n\nn.d.\n\n\n\n\nP6\n\n\nP.Flor. I 59\n\n\n225 or 241 or 279\n\n\nn.d.\n\n\nstrategos?\n\n\nhyperetes & public doctor\n\n\ninjuries\n\n\nn.d.\n\n\n\n\nP7\n\n\nP.Oxy. LVIII 3926\n\n\n246\n\n\nThis\n\n\nstrategos\n\n\nhyperetes\n\n\ninjuries\n\n\nmedical treatment\n\n\n\n\nP8\n\n\nP.Oxy. XII 1556\n\n\n247\n\n\nOxyrhymchus\n\n\nstrategos?\n\n\nhyperetes & public doctor\n\n\ninjuries?\n\n\nn.d.\n\n\n\n\nP9\n\n\nP.Oxy. LXI 4122\n\n\n305\n\n\nOxyrhynchus\n\n\nlogistes\n\n\nhyperetes & public doctor\n\n\ninjuries\n\n\ntrial \n\n\n\n\nP10\n\n\nP.Oxy. LI 3620\n\n\n326\n\n\nOxyrhynchus\n\n\nnyktostrategoi\n\n\nmidwife\n\n\n\u00a0\n\n\nn.d.\n\n\n\n\nP11\n\n\nP.Gron.Amst. 1 = SB XXIV 15970\n\n\n455\n\n\nOsyrhynchus\n\n\nriparius\n\n\npublic doctor & boethos\n\n\nillness\n\n\n\u00a0\n\n\n\n\nP12\n\n\nP.Oxy. XX 2268\n\n\nlate V\n\n\nHerakleopolites?\n\n\nn.d.\n\n\npublic notary\n\n\ninjuries\n\n\nmedical treatment?\n\n\n\n\nP13\n\n\nP.Bon. 22 = SB XVIII 13127\n\n\nV-VI\n\n\nOxyrhynchus\n\n\nriparii\n\n\npublic notary & doctor\n\n\n\u00a0\n\n\n\u00a0\n\n\n\n\nP14\n\n\nP.Oxy. XVI 1885\n\n\n509\n\n\nOxyrhynchus\n\n\nekdikos\n\n\npublic notary & riparii\n\n\ninjuries\n\n\n\u00a0\n\n\n\n\n* NOTE The petitions are exclusively those that explicitly contain the request to send a functionary to perform a medical inspection: thus they are further selected with respect to TORALLAS TOVAR 2004 and do not include the dubious cases such as P.W\u00fcrzb. 8 = SB I 5280 (Antinoupolis, 158 AD), a petition to the nomarch with the request to send an hyperetes, the context of which is too fragmentary to allow a more precise definition; or such as P.Harr. I 133 (366 AD), a fragmentary petition where it is possible to read just a mention of \u03bf\u1f31 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03b9 \u1f30\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03af together with certain police officers known as spekoulatores."},{"@type":"AUTHOR","@lang":"en","@value":"Nicola Reggiani"}]}