{"tema_id":"169","string":"\u03c8\u03c5\u03b3\u03bc\u1f79\u03c2","created":"2016-05-30 18:44:13","code":null,"notes":[{"@type":"variants","@lang":"en","@value":"var. \u03c8\u03c5\u03c7\u03bc\u1f79\u03c2\nlat. \u2013 "},{"@type":"GENERAL DEFINITION","@lang":"en","@value":"Cold fit (sometimes accompanied with fever, cough, and runny nose), ague, or extreme stiffness of a body part. Lay term according to Galen (see [6]), it features also in two papyrus letters."},{"@type":"A. LANGUAGE BETWEEN TEXT AND CONTEXT","@lang":"en","@value":"1-2. Etymology \u2013 General linguistic commentary\nThe noun \u03c8\u03c5\u03b3\u03bc\u1f79\u03c2 is a derivative of the verb \u03c8\u1f7b\u03c7\u03c9, \u00abmake cool or cold\u00bb (LSJ9 2028-9 s.v.), with the guttural stem \u03c8\u03c5\u03b3- and ending -\u03bc\u1f79\u03c2 (on which see CHANTRAINE, FN 133-6, esp. 135-6), quite productive in medical language, see e.g.\u00a0\u1f00\u03b3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2, \u00abfracture\u00bb (LSJ9 11 s.v.), and \u03bd\u03c5\u03b3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2, \u00abpricking sensation, irritation\u00bb (LSJ9 1183 s.v.). It is noteworthy that, despite the ending, the noun expresses a state (not action). The term has some cognates of medical relevance: fem. noun \u03c8\u1f7b\u03be\u03b9\u03c2, neutr. noun. \u03c8\u1f7b\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1, comp. masc. noun \u03c8\u03c5\u03b3\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f71\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, adj. \u03c8\u03c5\u03c7\u03c1\u1f79\u03c2 and \u03c8\u03c5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1f79\u03c2.\nThe only variant of the term is \u03c8\u03c5\u03c7\u03bc\u1f79\u03c2, attested in the transmission of the astrological treatise of Manetho, the Apotelesmatica (II 443).\nAs to the etymology, CHANTRAINE, DELG 1296 s.vv. \u03c8\u03c5\u03c7\u03c1\u1f79\u03c2, \u03c8\u1fe6\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2, \u03c8\u1f7b\u03c7\u03c9 adopts the position of Benveniste (BSL 33, 1932, 165-8) who rejects the association with \u03c8\u03c5\u03c7\u1f75 and contests that the semantic basis between the terms is the concept of \u201ccold breath\u201d, pointing out that the wind is not always cold, while \u03c8\u03c5\u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2 is used not only for breath\/wind but also to qualify the water, the snow etc. He also doubts where the common semantic basis is to be found in \u201cfrisson\u201d (\u201cshudder\u201d, \u201cshiver\u201d). The developement \u201cto blow\u201d > \u201cto cool, to dry (in the wind)\u201d is also doubted by BEEKES, EDG 1672 with reference to the views of MUMM and RICHTER (IJDLLR 5, 2008: 33-108) who hold that \u00abcold\u00bb is primary to breath. The medical use of the term (vd. Infra, C) indicates that cold and shiver on the one hand and \u201cstiffness\u201d, \u201cshrivelling\u201d, \u201cconstriction\u201d co-exist in the semantic core of the word.\n\u00a0\n3. Abbreviation(s) in the papyri\nNo abbreviated forms had appeared, as yet."},{"@type":"B.  TESTIMONIA - A selection of representative sources","@lang":"en","@value":"1. Diocl. Fr. 183a.39-55 van der Eijk (cited in Paul Aeg. Epit. Med. I 100,3 [CMG IX.1, 69-70 Heiberg])\n\u1f45\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b4\u03ad \u03c4\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03b8\u03ce\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u1fc3 \u03b3\u03af\u03b3\u03bd\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9, \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03b5\u1f34\u03c9\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u00b7 \u1f31\u03b4\u03c1\u1f7c\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b3\u03af\u03b3\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u1f45\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c3\u1ff6\u03bc\u03b1\u00a0\u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03b8\u03ce\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b3\u03bb\u1ff6\u03c4\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c7\u03b5\u1fd6\u03b1\u03bd \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u00b7 \u03c0\u03c4\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u1f01\u03bb\u03c5\u03ba\u1f70 \u1f22 \u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u1f70 \u1f22 \u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03ce\u03b4\u03b7\u00b7 \u1f51\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u1f70\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u1f70\u03c2 \u1f22 \u1f60\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bb\u03ac\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bb\u03b3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b3\u03af\u03b3\u03bd\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03af\u03c7\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2, \u03c7\u03ac\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c7\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c2, \u1f00\u03b3\u03c1\u03c5\u03c0\u03bd\u03af\u03b1\u03b9, \u03c0\u03bd\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03bf\u03af, \u03b4\u03af\u03c8\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f10\u03be \u1f55\u03c0\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5, \u1f00\u03b7\u03b4\u1ff6\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c8\u03c5\u03c7\u03ae\u03bd, \u03c8\u03c5\u03b3\u03bc\u03bf\u1f76 \u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03b8\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b2\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03b9\u03cc\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd, \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2, \u03b2\u1fc6\u03c7\u03b5\u03c2 \u03be\u03b7\u03c1\u03b1\u03af. (...) \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5 \u03b5\u1f34\u03c9\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b3\u03af\u03b3\u03bd\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f00\u03c1\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u00b7 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u1fd6\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2, \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03b1, \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b1, \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf\u1f76 \u1f40\u03be\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c2, \u03c6\u03c1\u03b5\u03bd\u1fd6\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2, \u03bb\u03ae\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u1fe6\u03c3\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bb\u03c5\u03b3\u03bc\u03ce\u03b4\u03b7\u03c2.\nWhen a condition is about to develop in the chest, one of these signs forewarn of it: sweat in the entire body and chest, and swollen tongue; salty, bitter or bilious spit; pain without obvious cause below the ribs or the shoulder blades; continuous yawning; sleeplessness; choking; thirst upon waking; disgust; freezing of the chest and arms; trembling of the hands; dry coughs. (...) The following ailments attack those who ignore this sort of signs: pleurisy, inflammation of the lungs, atrabiliousness, acute fever, phrenitis, lethargy, or burning fever attended with hiccup.\u00a0\n\u00a0\n2. Dsc. V 11. See also Ps.-Dsc. Ther. 4 \u2013 I CE\n\u03b8\u03b1\u03bb\u03ac\u03c4\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u1f55\u03b4\u03c9\u03c1 \u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03cd, \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd, \u03ba\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd, \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd, \u1f04\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd \u03c6\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1. \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u1f78\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c0\u1fb6\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u1fd6, \u1f01\u03c1\u03bc\u03cc\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03bd\u03b5\u1fe6\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c0\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9 (...)\u00b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u1fd6 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b8\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03ae\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1, \u1f45\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c8\u03c5\u03b3\u03bc\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9, \u03bc\u03ac\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c1\u03c0\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03b3\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c3\u03c0\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd (...)\nSea water: it is pungent, warming, sets the stomach and the bowels in motion, and incites phlegm. Warm water poured over is absorbed and dissipates, being suitable for the affections of the nerves\/sinews (...). It also dissipates the livid spots, used for vapour baths, and is used against bites of beasts, those which cause shivering and chilling\/rigour, mostly the bites of scorpions, spiders and asps (...)\n\u00a0\n3. Ruf. \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03bc\u1f71\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd(cited in Orib. Coll. Med. VIII 24.17 [CMG VI 1.1,\u00a0 272 Raeder]).\n\u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f14\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03b4\u2019 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c6\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u2019 \u1f11\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u1f78 \u1f01\u03c1\u03bc\u03cc\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u1f10\u03bd\u03b9\u03ad\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c6\u2019 \u1f67\u03bd \u1f00\u03c3\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03c4\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u03af, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c6\u2019 \u1f67\u03bd \u03b3\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c6\u03bf\u03b9\u00b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bb\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u1fb6\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u03af, \u03c0\u03b7\u03b3\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f21\u03c8\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5  \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff7 \u1f22 \u03ba\u03c5\u03bc\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f22 \u1f00\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f22 \u03b4\u03b1\u03c6\u03bd\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd, \u1f45\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c8\u03c5\u03b3\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03ad\u03c3\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u1f01\u03c1\u03bc\u03cc\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9.\nOil, infused, is suitable for every kind of inflammation, in cases of localised feebleness as well as in cases of colic. For it dispels flatulence when rue or cumin or dill or laurel has been cooked in it, being also suitable for feverish patients having a chill.\n\u00a0\n4. P.Oxy. Hels. 46,15-9 \u2013 I-II CE (Business letter)\n\u03bf\u1f50 \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u1f20\u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6| \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u1f76 \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78| \u03bd\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u0323\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u0323\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c8\u03c5\u03b3\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6 | \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5. \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u03cc\u03b3\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f20\u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7(\u03bd) \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03b1\u1fe6|\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b2\u0323\u03b1\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u0323\u03b9\u03b6[\u03cc]\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u0323\u03bf\u0323\u03c2\nI have not been able to write to anyone on the present matter because I am recovering from an ailment and a great cold. Even this I have been able to write with difficulty being in torment (...)\n\u00a0\n5. P.Oxy. LXXIII 4959,3-10 \u2013 II CE \u00a0\n\u1f10\u03be\u03ae\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f70 \u0398\u03ad\u03c9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f00\u03b4\u03b5\u03bb\u03c6\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1| \u03b4\u03b9\u02bc \u1f67\u03bd \u1f51\u03bc\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd (l. \u1f51\u03bc\u1fd6\u03bd) \u1f10\u03b4\u03ae\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f45\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c8\u03c5\u03b3\u03bc\u1ff6\u03b9 \u03bb\u03b7\u03c6\u03b8\u03b5\u1f76\u03c2 \u1f10\u03ba | \u03b2\u03ac\u03b8\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03ba\u03bb\u03cd\u0323\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c3\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2\u301a\u03ba\u03b1\u1f76\u0323\u301b\u1f10\u03bd \u1f00\u03b3\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9|\u03ae\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f21\u03bc\u1fb6\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f50 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03b9, \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5|\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f65\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bd\u03ad\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03bf\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b1|\u03c4\u03bf, \u1f65\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03ba\u0323\u03b5\u0323\u03af\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f21\u03bc\u03ad|\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72\u03bd \u1f14\u03c4\u03b9\u0323 \u03b1\u0323\u1f50\u0323\u03c4\u0323\u1ff6\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c3\u0323\u03c5\u0323\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bd\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac|\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1 (l. \u1f10\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f71\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1) \u03b5\u1f36\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9.\nThe letter of my brother Theon has hopefully been sufficient to let you know that having been seized by a chill arising deep inside and by bodily feebleness \u2013 something which caused us all a good deal of anxiety \u2013 with the help of the gods he recovered instantly and was totally restored so that he could even take a bath in that very same day and that no trace of what happened to him has remained.\n\u00a0\n6. Gal. Simpl. med. temp. ac facult. II 20-1 (XI 518-20 K.) \u2013 II CE\n\u03bf\u1f54\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u1f01\u03c0\u03bb\u1ff6\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f30 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u1f78\u03bd, \u1f22 \u03c8\u03c5\u03c7\u03c1\u1f78\u03bd, \u1f22 \u03be\u03b7\u03c1\u1f78\u03bd, \u1f22 \u1f51\u03b3\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u1f15\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03ac\u03ba\u03c9\u03bd \u03b6\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd (...), \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u2019 \u1f45\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03ce\u03c0\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03c3\u1ff6\u03bc\u03b1. (...) \u03c0\u1ff6\u03c2 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03bf\u1f56\u03bd \u1f04\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f14\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u1f10\u03c1\u03b3\u03ac\u03b6\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bb\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u00b7 \u03c0\u1ff6\u03c2 \u03b4\u2019 \u1f04\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f01\u03c0\u03bb\u1ff7 \u03bd\u03bf\u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9, \u03bd\u1fe6\u03bd \u03b5\u1f30\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u03c4\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd\u00a0\u1f21\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd, \u1f61\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03bd\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b1\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf, \u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u1f70 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u1f10\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u1f76\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c7\u03c5\u03bc\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f22 \u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03b8\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u1f22 \u03c3\u03c0\u03bb\u03ac\u03b3\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c6\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u1fc6\u03c2, \u1f65\u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c6\u03bf\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03b5\u1f34\u03c9\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd \u03b3\u03af\u03b3\u03bd\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9, \u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u1f70 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c8\u03c5\u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd, \u1f61\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f24\u03b4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f51\u03c0\u1f78\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03ce\u03c0\u03c9\u03bd \u03c8\u03c5\u03b3\u03bc\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2. \u1f10\u03bd \u03b4\u1f74 \u03c4\u03b1\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u1f14\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u1f10\u03be\u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bd\u03b1\u03c1\u03b3\u1ff6\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f34\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u1f21\u03bc\u1fb6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03ad\u03c6\u03c5\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u1f34\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c8\u03cd\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd. (...) \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c8\u03c5\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c3\u03b1\u03c6\u1ff6\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u1f72\u03bd \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u1f60\u03c6\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd \u1f22 \u03b2\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f10\u03be \u1f10\u03bb\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9. \u1fa7 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u1fc6\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd \u1f61\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f30 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u1f21\u03bc\u1fb6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03ad\u03c6\u03c5\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd, \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u2019 \u03bf\u1f50\u03ba \u1f14\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c6\u03bf\u03b4\u03c1\u1ff6\u03c2 \u1f22 \u1f10\u03bd\u03b1\u03c1\u03b3\u1ff6\u03c2, \u1f65\u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u1fe5\u03b7\u03c4\u03af\u03bd\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f04\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2.\nFor we do not simply investigate whether a medicament belongs to the warm, cold, dry or moist ones (...), but how it interacts with the human body (...) I have already spoken of how oil is to be prepared. I will now explain how it should be applied in cases of simple affections after a brief reminder that, as it has been demonstrated in the section\/work concerning the differences between diseases, some bodies have grown with a greater tendency to warmth (unless the humours are in an unhealthy state or there is an inflammation of the chest or the spleen) as in cases of acute burning fits, while others are more inclined towards chilliness, as in cases of the affections nowadays commonly called chills. If oil is offered to the patient in one of these conditions, one will find out clearly whether it is its nature to warm us up or to cool us down. (...) whereas for the persons affected by a chill no clear benefit or damage is to be observed when oil is smeared on. This indicates that, although its nature is to warm us up, it does not effect this to a great degree or clearly as do resin, pitch and bitumen.\n\u00a0\n7. Gal. Comp. med. sec. loc. XX 2 (XIII 353 K.)\n\u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f30\u03c3\u03c7\u03b9\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c8\u03c5\u03b3\u03bc\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f59\u03b3\u03b9\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f39\u03c0\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u00b7 \u03b2\u03bf\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03b7\u03bd \u1f38\u03b2\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03b1, \u1f25\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b9 \u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u1f22 \u1f00\u03b3\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03ba\u03ac\u03c1\u03b4\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd, \u1f00\u03bd\u03b5\u03bb\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1fe5\u03af\u03b6\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03cc\u03c8\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c7\u03bf\u03b9\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u1ff3 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03bb\u03ac\u03be\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd \u1f10\u03bc\u03c0\u03bb\u03ac\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f00\u03bb\u03b3\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u1f65\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c2, \u03b5\u1f36\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03ad\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1||\u03bd\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bf\u03bd. (...)\nAgainst sciatica and muscular stiffness, of (Hygieinus?) Hipparchus: dig up the root of pepperwort, called by some lepidion or wild cardamum, cut it, work it into a plaster by softening it together with pig\u2019s suet and apply on the aching part for three hours. Send then the patient to a bath-house ...\n\u00a0\n8. Pollux IV 186 (256 Bethe): (...) \u03c6\u03c1\u03af\u03ba\u03b7, \u03c8\u03c5\u03b3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c8\u1fe6\u03be\u03b9\u03c2, [\u03c6\u03c1\u03af\u03be FS], \u03c6\u03c1\u03af\u03c4\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd A], \u1f10\u03c8\u1fe6\u03c7\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c8\u1fe6\u03c7\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 BC, \u1fe5\u1fd6\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2, \u1f20\u03c0\u03af\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2. (...)\n\u00a0\n9. Vett. Val. 4,20\n\u039a\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f08\u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03b4\u03af\u03c4\u1fc3 (...) \u03bf\u1f31 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f22 \u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03ac\u03ba\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd \u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f40\u03c7\u03bb\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd, \u1f00\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c8\u03c5\u03b3\u03bc\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1fe5\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b1\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\nWhen Cronus is in Aphrodite some (...), while others are targets of plots, are receive a taste of drugs\/poison, suffer internal discomforts or fall into weakness, chills or rheumy discharges (...)\n\u00a0\n10. De Herb. 92-4\n\u03ba\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03af\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03cc\u03b4\u03b5 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c7\u03b8\u03cc\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2\/ \u1f04\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9 \u03ba\u03bb\u1fc4\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9 \u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd, \u03bf\u1f31 \u03b4\u03ad \u03c4\u03b5 \u03b8\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bf\u03bd\/\n\u03bb\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u03c8\u03c5\u03b3\u03bc\u1f78\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b2\u1fc6\u03c7\u03ac \u03c4\u2019 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b9\u03b3\u03c1\u03ae\u03bd.\nKission, called lelisphakos by all people on earth, while some qualify it as theion. For it dispels the cold, which ends with difficulty (or: badly), and the burdensome cough.\n\u00a0\n11. Eutechn. Paraphr. in Nic. Alex. 16 Geymonat\n\u03bc\u03ae\u03ba\u03c9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bd \u03ba\u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u1fc7 \u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c3\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1 \u03bf\u1f31 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f40\u03c0\u03bf\u1fe6\u00a0\u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03c9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u00b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03c5\u03c0\u03bd\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac, \u1f14\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f04\u03c1\u03b8\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c8\u03c5\u03b3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2, \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f40\u03c6\u03b8\u03b1\u03bb\u03bc\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b5\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9, \u1f31\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u1f00\u03b8\u03c1\u03cc\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03c5\u03c3\u1ff6\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 (...)\nThose who have drunk the juice of the poppy, the seeds of which are in its head, suffer the following: they sleep long, chill develops in their limps, they keep their eyes shut and their sweat is profuse and smelly.\n\u00a0\n12. Orib. Coll. Med. VIII 24.17 (CMG VI 1.1, p. 272 Raeder, Rufus of Ephesus). See also Syn. ad Eust. I 19.8, see [3]\n\u00a0\n13. Ps.-Macar. Serm. 7,17\n\u1f65\u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b5\u1f30\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c3\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u1f14\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd, \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u2019 \u03bf\u1f31 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u1f51\u03b3\u03b9\u1fc6 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd\u1fc6 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03ba\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u03bf\u1f31 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bd\u03bf\u03c3\u03b5\u03c1\u1f70\u03bd \u1f22 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03bd. \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u1f70 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c3\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ae \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u1f70 \u03c4\u03c5\u03b3\u03c7\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u00b7 \u03bf\u1f31 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u1ff6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f14\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bb\u03b3\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd, \u03bf\u1f31 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03b1 \u03bc\u1f74 \u1f14\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c8\u03c5\u03b3\u03bc\u1f78\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u1f78\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03c3\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9 \u1f14\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd\u1f65\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f41\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u1f61\u03c2 \u1f51\u03b3\u03b9\u1f72\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f36\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u1fd6 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c3\u1ff6\u03bc\u03b1, \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03c0\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u1f7a \u03c7\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03c5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03ac\u03c0\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b4\u03ae\u03bb\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5.\nEveryone has a visible physical body \u2015 some a healthy and intact one, some an ailing body or a body with wounds. But the affections of the body exhibit great differences. For persons with evident wounds are in pain, while others lack these but suffer from severe stiffness, so that they are not able to move. And outwardly the body seems healthy, but when it comes to labour and movement in connection with work its suffering is much worse and more difficult to treat than that of the body which has visible wounds.\n\u00a0\n14a. Hippiatr. Paris. 1021\n\u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u1f70\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u03c5\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd. \u1fec\u03ad\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2. \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c8\u03c5\u03b3\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1fe5\u03ce\u03b8\u03c9\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b8\u03ad\u03bb\u1fc3\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9, \u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b5 \u03b3\u03ac\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03c5\u03ac\u03b8\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b3\u0374 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03bb\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03cd\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u0374 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1fe5\u03ce\u03b8\u03c9\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03b2\u0374 \u03ba\u03c5\u03ac\u03b8\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u1f14\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03c9. \u03b5\u1f36\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03b4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b4\u03b7\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76\u1f14\u03b1\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ad\u03ba\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1fe5\u03c9\u03b8\u03ce\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd.\nTo promote exhalation and cleanse the nostrils. Pound a cabbage. If you wish to cleanse his nostrils of a cold, take three cups of fish-sauce and one cup of oil. Pour two cups in each nostril, and press. Then bind the animal in the stable and leave them so that the fluid excretion runs out of the nostrils.\n\u00a0\n14b. Hippiatr. Cantabr. 49,3\n\u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c8\u03c5\u03b3\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03cd\u03c0\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u1fe5\u03b9\u03bd\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03af \u03c4\u03b5 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u1ff6 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c7\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 ...\nTo end the cold fit administer henna-oil nasally and use warming and relaxing unguents.\n\u00a0\n14c. Hippiatr. Paris. 837\n\u1f04\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1f78\u03bd \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f70 \u03a7\u03b1\u03c1\u03af\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2, \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u1fd6 \u03bd\u03b5\u03c6\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2, \u03c3\u03c7\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c8\u03c5\u03b3\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u03b9 \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd.\nApplication of Chariton for the relief of pain and the production of warmth; for use on patients with kidney problems, suffering from sciatica, paralysed and those affected by stiffness.\n\u00a0\n14d. Hippiatr. Berol. 78\n\u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b7\u03bb\u03af\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c7\u03c1\u03c5\u03c3\u1fc6, \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b5\u1fe6\u03c1\u03b1, \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f04\u03c1\u03b8\u03c1\u03b1, \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c8\u03c5\u03b3\u03bc\u03cc\u03bd.\nAnother remedy, made of quinces, a golden one; for use on muscles, joints and against stiffness.\n\u00a0\n15. Suda 1085 Adler s.v.\u03bc\u03b9\u03bd\u03b8\u1f7d\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd. See also Schol. in Ar. Plut. 313\n(...) \u1f10\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u1f70\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bf\u1f31 \u03c4\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c8\u03c5\u03b3\u03bc\u1ff7 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c0\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd, \u03b5\u1f30\u03ce\u03b8\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03bf\u1f31 \u03b1\u1f30\u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9 \u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03ba\u03cc\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c7\u03c1\u03af\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c5\u03ba\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bf\u1f55\u03c4\u03c9 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03b4\u03c5\u03c3\u03c9\u03b4\u03af\u1fb3 \u03c0\u03c4\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u1f78\u03bd \u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd\u00b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u1ff3 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u1ff3 \u03bb\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c0\u03ac\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2\u00b7 \u1f41 \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u03c0\u03c4\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u1f78\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c0\u03ac\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2. (...)\nWhen the billy-goats fall ill with a chill, the goat-shepherds have the habit of taking their dung and smear their nostril to incite sneezing because of the malodour. In this way they treat the affection. For sneezing heals this affection.\n\u00a0\n16. Sch. GKd in Nic. Ther. 43 Crugnola\n(a.)  (...) \u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03cc\u03b1 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c8\u03c5\u03b3\u03bc\u1f78\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03ac\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9, \u03b5\u1f34 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03c8\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u1f76\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03b3\u03ba\u1fc3 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u1fe5\u03b9\u03bd\u03af\nBlack cumin (melanthion) is a plant which has the power to dispel the chill, if one pounds it and applies it thrice to the nose."},{"@type":"C.  COMMENTARY","@lang":"en","@value":"1. \u03c8\u03c5\u03b3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 and its medical sources\nThe term occurs in Greek medical literature and in passages of medical relevance in non-medical texts from at least the first century CE (Dioscorides Pedanius) to the Byzantine period (the manuscripts preserving the treatises of the hippiatric corpus, the Suda and the manuscripts furnished with marginal annotations on passages of Homer, Aristophanes and Nicander being the latest witnesses, although the content of some of these texts is much earlier).[1] The earliest alleged witness, the epistle on health preservation (epistol\u00ea prophylaktik\u00ea) ascribed to Diocles of Carystus and transmitted by Paul of Aegina at the end of the first book of his medical compendium [1], is a highly problematic text and is in all probability neither from the fourth century nor Dioclean, although its content may have accrued around a Dioclean core.[2] In all probability the noun entered the medical field around the late Hellenistic-early Roman period.\nThe term describes pathological states characterised by a feeling of extreme cold, freezing and\/or rigour. Its witnesses fall into two distinct, though related, groups as regards the symptomatology. The first group encompasses descriptions which suggest that the patient experiences an inner chill or cold fit, often accompanied with a sensation of faintness and feebleness. Illustrative is P.Oxy. LXXIII 4959, 4-5, a papyrus letter, datable on paleographical grounds in the II century, written by Ammonius to his parents regarding the health of his brother, Theon (see [5]). The author describes a passing fit of malaise experienced by his brother as \u03c8\u03c5\u03b3\u03bc\u1f79\u03c2 \u201carising deep within\u201d and couples it with a generalised feeling of faintness (\u03c8\u03c5\u03b3\u03bc\u1ff6\u03b9 \u03bb\u03b7\u03c6\u03b8\u03b5\u1f76\u03c2 \u1f10\u03ba | \u03b2\u03ac\u03b8\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03ba\u03bb\u03cd\u0323\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c3\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2).[3] That a profound chill lies in the core of the condition is indicated by the writer\u2019s later statement that following a complete recovery the brother was able to enjoy a bath in that very same day. Also Vettius Valens speaks of \u201cinternal discomforts\u201d in a breath with psygmoi (see [9]). The status of the condition in contemporary medical lore is revealed by Galen when he discusses the use of oil and its effect as a therapeutic agent (see [6]). Galen reminds his readers that some bodies have a greater natural tendency towards freezing, manifested in the conditions \u201cnowadays called psygmoi by people in common usage\u201d (\u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f24\u03b4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f51\u03c0\u1f78\u00a0\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03ce\u03c0\u03c9\u03bd \u03c8\u03c5\u03b3\u03bc\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2). His formulation reveals the status of the term from a discursive and scientific point of view. That the term reflects common usage and is not a medical technical term is indirectly confirmed by its occurrence in two papyrus letters ([4] and [5]) where lay individuals speak of their own or somebody else\u2019s state of health, while its labelling by Galen as diathesis (\u1f10\u03bd \u03b4\u1f74 \u03c4\u03b1\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd ...) implies that it did not savour the status of a disease proper but rather of a make-up, a condition of the body at a given time.[4]\n\u00a0\n2. \u03c8\u03c5\u03b3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 in practice\nThe malaise is located in the region of the chest by one witness [1], while coughing and fever are the symptoms more often mentioned in conjuction with it (see [1], [9] and [11]). Ignoring the early signs of the condition could result in among others pleurisy and lung inflammation, warns Ps.-Diocles. The compound \u03c8\u03c5\u03b3\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f71\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, occuring only in Cyranides (II 15),points to runny nose being another main symptom, as do the passages concerning treatments for animals and humans [14a, 15, 16]. Shivering and sweating also belong to the most frequently mentioned symptoms [1, 2, 10]. It is significant that Pollux [8] intertwines this word family with that of \u03c6\u03c1\u1f77\u03ba\u03b7 (\u201cshuddering\u201d, shivering\u201d) and \u1fe5\u1fd6\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2 (\u201dshivering fit\u201d), perhaps in an attempt to discern in existing vocabulary different forms and grades of shivering. Shivering may affect the hands and arms when the condition is located in the chest [1, 10], or may be manifested as generalised chill and shivering due to venomous bites [2]. The feeling of faintness and feebleness overcoming patients in this state, mentioned by the author of P.Oxy. 4959 [5], is also confirmed by Ps.-Arist. Probl. 862b.2ff., a passage claiming that ailments occur more often in (the beginning of?) the summer when the human bodies are loose, frozen and feeble (\u1f10\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03b8\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9, \u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c8\u03c5\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c3\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03c0\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, \u1f00\u03c1\u03c7\u1f70\u03c2 \u03bd\u03cc\u03c3\u03c9\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u03ac\u03b3\u03ba\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03b3\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 ...). Also Plutarch (Quaest. Conv. 625 A-B) in a contribution to the discussion why elderly persons have the habit of drinking unmixed wine refers to ongoing discussions about the system in elderly persons being \u201cfrozen\u201d, \u201chard to warm\u201d, \u201cloose\u201d and \u201cfeeble\u201d (\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c8\u03c5\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f15\u03be\u03b9\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03c5\u03c3\u03b5\u03ba\u03b8\u03ad\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bf\u1f56\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd ... \u03b1\u1f30\u03c4\u03af\u03b1 \u03b4\u2019 \u1f21 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f15\u03be\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f04\u03bd\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2\u00b7 \u1f10\u03ba\u03bb\u03c5\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1 ...). The key-words are the same as in the medical passages associating \u03c8\u03c5\u03b3\u03bc\u1f79\u03c2 and the sensation of faintness.\nThe information concerning the treatment of persons affected by the condition is neither abundant nor very accurate. The testimonies point to remedies with warming properties and effect: application of oil is mentioned by Galen [6] and Rufus\/Oribasius [3\/12]. The former does not appear to consider oil a very efficient remedy, while the latter seems to believe that oil boiled with rue, cumin, dill or laurel could alleviate the condition. The Hippiatrica Parisina recommend pounded cabbage in combination with garum and oil [14a], while the Hippiatrica Cantabrigiensia recommend the use of a remedy to be administered through the nose made from the flower of Lawsonia inermis (henna), and in general the use of warming and relaxing unguents [14b]. Other remedies contain milk and pepper or milk and sesame. Dioscorides (III 81) recommends a remedy prepared with the plant \u03c3\u03b1\u03b3\u1f71\u03c0\u03b7\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd (ferula communis[5]), while the scholiast of Nicander\u2019s Theriaca suggests inhalation of melathion (nigella sativa,[6] black cummin) [16]. To relieve psygmos as a result of venomous bites Dioscorides recommends the use of warm sea-water, presumably on the biten spot [2]. A curious piece of information, provided by Suda and the scholiast of Aritophanes\u2019 Wealth [15], pertains to the treatment of billy-goats suffering from the condition: the shepherds seek to induce sneezing \u2013 no doubt to open up the nose \u2013 by applying excrement to the nostrils.\nA second, less prominent, group of sources point to an external manifestation of the condition. Its tenor is that a limp or an area in the body is so enfeebled as to be described as \u201cfrozen stiff\u201d. The condition verges on paralysis with which it is mentioned in a breath as early as Dioscorides (III 73) who advertises the warming effect of the plant \u03c0\u03cd\u03c1\u03b5\u03b8\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd (\u201cpellitory\u201d) on \u201cfrozen stiff and weakened parts of the body\u201d (\u1f10\u03c8\u03c5\u03b3\u03bc\u1f73\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u1f73\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u1f73\u03c1\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c3\u1f7d\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2). Some of the other remedies administered to ease the condition are also recommended for paralysis or weakened limps. Drawing on (Hygieinus?) Hipparchus \u2013 a health expert known to Heras of Cappadocia \u2013 Galen advises preparing a remedy of pepperwort (lepidium graminifolium)[7] and pig\u2019s fat and applying it \u201con the aching part\u201d when treating sciatica and psygmoi [7]. The description itself and the wider context (the recipe follows the exposition of how Damocrates used pepperwort to treat among others sciatica and different forms of paralysis) suggests an emollient for muscular conditions. More informative is a passage from a sermon of Ps.-Macarius in which he speaks of persons without visible wounds but whom stiffness seriously impedes from carrying out manual work [13]. Muscular complaints, presumably common in pack animals, are indicated by the heading of the recipes in Hippiatr. Paris. 837 and Hippiatr. Berol. 1030 [14c, 14d].\n\n\n[1] Cf. Schol. Ar. Plut. 313; Schol. Hom. Il. XX 485; Schol. in Nic. Ther. 43.\n\n\n[2] Van der Eijk 2001, 353-58 in an attempt to moderate Heinimann\u2019s wholesale rejection of its authenticity.\n\n\n[3] See the comm. on l.4 in MALOUTA 2009, 158.\n\n\n[4] Note that also the author of P.Oxy.Hels. 46 speaks of recovery from \u201cailment and a great cold\u201d, perhaps drawing a certain line between the two states.\n\n\n[5] ANDR\u00c9 1985, 223, s.v. sacopenium.\n\n\n[6] ANDR\u00c9 1985, 157, s.v. melanthion.\n\n\n[7] ANDR\u00c9 1985, 130, s.v. iberis.\n\n"},{"@type":"D.  BIBLIOGRAPHY","@lang":"en","@value":"1. Lexicon entries\nLSJ9 2026 s.v. \u03c8\u03c5\u03b3\u03bc\u1f79\u03c2 2 and 2028 s.v. \u03c8\u03c5\u03c7\u03bc\u1f79\u03c2; LSJRev.Suppl. 318 s.v.; CHANTRAINE, DELG 1295-6 s.v. \u03c8\u03c5\u03c7\u03c1\u1f79\u03c2\n\u00a0\n2. Secondary literature\nCHANTRAINE, FN 135-6; MALOUTA 2009, 158."},{"@type":"E.  DDbDP reference(s)","@lang":"en","@value":"P.Oxy. Hels. 46,15-9\nP.Oxy. LXXIII 4959,3-10"},{"@type":"AUTHOR","@lang":"en","@value":"Anastasia Maravela"}]}