{"tema_id":"163","string":"\u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2","created":"2015-11-08 17:11:40","code":null,"notes":[{"@type":"variants","@lang":"en","@value":"var. \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 (pap.)\nlat. \u2012"},{"@type":"GENERAL DEFINITION","@lang":"en","@value":"Adjective appearing only in medical sources to denote the sitting position of the patient, especially in the context of surgical operations. Thus, it seems to be a terminus technicus of the medical language. Its earliest attestations are two papyri of medical content: P.Aberd. 11,10 of the II century CE and P.Ryl. III 529r,57 (and maybe ll.70-1) of the late III century CE."},{"@type":"A. LANGUAGE BETWEEN TEXT AND CONTEXT","@lang":"en","@value":"1-2. Etymology \u2013 General linguistic commentary\nThe adjective \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2, -\u03bf\u03bd, literally \u00abof or for sitting\u00bb (LSJ9 851 s.v.), is derived from the name of the object that concretely receives the action of sitting, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1, \u00abseat\u00bb. As to the word formation, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 is a denominative adjective in -\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2. This suffix of Indo-European origin is most widely employed to form adjectives from noun-stems, and it has been productive during the entire history of ancient Greek, from the Homeric language to the \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03ae.[1]\nThe noun \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1, a compound of \u1f14\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1 \u00abseat, chair\u00bb (< \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac + \u1f14\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1), is in itself a derivative in -\u03c1\u1fb1 of \u1f15\u03b6\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \u00abseat oneself, sit\u00bb (LSJ9 478 s.v.), from the IE root *sed, \u00absit down\u00bb.[2] All the derivatives of \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1 seems to be of quite late formation. Among them can be mentioned, e.g.: the neuter diminutive \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03b4\u03c1\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd, \u00ablittle seat\u00bb, in a private letter on papyrus, P.Oxy. VI 963 (II-III d.C.),[3] and the compound \u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd, \u00abeasy chair\u00bb (LSJ9 961 s.v.), gloss of \u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03bd\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1, \u00abcouch\u00bb (LSJ9 961 s.v., cf. e.g. Et.M. 520,26-7 Kallierges).\nAlso the adjective \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 seems to be quite late, since it does not appear before the II century CE. The earliest attestations of the term to denote the sitting position are two medical papyri, [1] and [2]. The technical value of this word is confirmed by medical authors, from Oribasius to Paulus Aegineta (vd. infra, C 1). The neuter substantive \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd, \u00absmall chair\u00bb (LSJ9 851 s.v. \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 II), dates back to the same period and is first attested in Soranus (Gyn. II 37, 5,4 [CMG IV, 80,24 Ilberg]: vd. infra, C 1). Two semantic extensions of this noun are recorded in late texts: \u00abprivate chamber, bower\u00bb (see schol. in Aesch. 454h [p. 209,7 Smith], vd. infra, C 1) and \u00abtoilet\u00bb (see LBG IV 727 s.v. \u00abAbtritt, Abort\u00bb). Soranus is also the only author to use the adjective \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 with the meaning \u00absedentary\u00bb (LSJ9 851 s.v. \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 2), cf. Gyn. I 27, 3,4 (CMG IV, 18,2 Ilberg) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03b2\u03af\u03bf\u03bd.\nFinally, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 is listed in some Medieval and Modern Greek dictonaries in connection with its occurrence in medical writers up to the Byzantine time,[4] but it has left no trace in current use.\n\u00a0\n3. Abbreviation(s) in the papyri\nNo abbreviated form had appeared, as yet.\n\n\n[1] Cf. CHANTRAINE, FN 33-8.\n\n\n[2] Cf. CHANTRAINE, DELG I 313-4 s.v. \u1f15\u03b6\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9; FRISK, GEW I 443-6 s.vv. \u1f14\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1 and \u1f15\u03b6\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9; BEEKES, EDG I 374 and 376 s.vv. \u1f14\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1 and \u1f15\u03b6\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9.\n\n\n[3] Cf. LSJ9 851 s.v.; LBG IV 727 s.v.\n\n\n[4] Cf. e.g. DIMITRAKOS, \u039c\u039b 3507 s.v.\n\n"},{"@type":"B.  TESTIMONIA - A selection of representative sources","@lang":"en","@value":"1. P.Aberd. 11,10 (LDAB 4539, MP3 2342, SoSOL 2014 20) \u2013 II CE \n\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1[\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u1f77\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03c5\u03b3\u03b5\u1f77\u03bf\u03c5.] | \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u1f73\u03b4\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u0323[\u03bd \u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c0\u1f71\u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03c4\u03bb.\nSurgery of pterygium. After the patient is seated etc.\n\u00a0\n2. P.Ryl. III 529r,66-81 (LDAB 1082, MP3 2376, SoSOL 2011 467) \u2013 end of the III CE\n\u03bf\u1f31] | \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u0323\u03ad\u0323[\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd\u00a0 \u0323\u00a0 \u0323\u00a0 \u0323 ]|\u03c9\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03ba\u03ac\u03bc\u0323[\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1] \u03c3\u0323\u03c7\u0323\u03b7\u0323|\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd. \u1f21\u03bc\u03b5\u1fd6[\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72\u00a0 \u0323\u00a0 \u0323\u00a0 \u0323\u00a0 \u0323\u00a0 \u0323] | \u03ba\u03b5\u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u27e6\u00a0 \u0323 \u27e7\u2035 \u03bd \u2032\u00b7 \u03c4\u1f78 \u2019\u0391\u0323\u03bb\u0323[\u03b5\u03be\u03ac\u03bd]|\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03c3\u03c7\u1fc6\u03bc\u03ac \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd \u03b4\u03c5[\u03c3\u03b1\u03bb]|\u03b3\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd, \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba\u03b5\u03ba\u03bb[\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad]|\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u1f00\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd. \u1f00[\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1]|\u03bb\u03ad\u0323\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f41\u03c4\u1f72 \u03bc\u1f72[\u03bd \u1f55\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9]|\u03bf\u03bd \u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd [\u03c0\u03ac\u03c3]|\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1, \u1f41\u03c4\u1f72 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b7\u03bd\u1fc7. \u1f55\u0323[\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9]|\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03be\u03c9\u03c4[\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9] | \u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u03ac\u03bb\u03b7\u03c2 [\u00a0 \u0323] \u03b7\u00a0 \u0323 [\u00a0 \u0323\u00a0 \u0323\u00a0 \u0323\u00a0 \u0323\u00a0 \u0323\u00a0 \u0323\u00a0 \u0323\u00a0 \u0323\u00a0 \u0323] | \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u1fb6\u03c2\u00b7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b7\u03bd\u0323[\u1fc6 \u03b4\u2019 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2] | \u1f40\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u0323[\u1f78\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c1]|\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u1f78\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78\u0323\u00a0 \u0323 [\u00a0 \u0323\u00a0 \u0323\u00a0 \u0323\u00a0 \u0323\u00a0 \u0323\u00a0 \u0323\u00a0 \u0323\u00a0 \u0323]\nThe other physicians put the patient in the sitting position, whereas we lay him\/her down: the \u201cAlexandrian position\u201d [but vd. infra, C 2] is extremely painful, while the lying down position is safer. It is safer to place the patient sometimes on his\/her back, sometimes on his\/her stomach: on his\/her back for \u2026 the dislocation \u2026 of the armpit outwards, on his\/her stomach for the luxation inwards, and after the reduction for\u2026\n\u00a0\n3. Orib. Coll. XLVI 11, 2,1-3,3 (CMG VI 2,1, 219,30-5 Raeder) \u2013 IV CE\n\u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03b6\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9 \u03b4' \u1f41 \u03ba\u03ac\u03bc\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u1f55\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03bd, \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f96 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd \u1f22 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b2\u03c1\u03ad\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1, \u03c0\u03c1\u03b7\u03bd\u1f74\u03c2 \u03b4\u03ad, \u1f45\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u1f40\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f30\u03bd\u03af\u03bf\u03bd\u0387[\u2026]. \u1f45\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03ba\u03bf\u03c1\u03c5\u03c6\u1f74\u03bd \u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b5\u1fd6 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03ba\u03b5\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f10\u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd.\nWe will place the patient on his\/her back if the wound is either on the forehead or on the parietal region, whereas on his\/her stomach when it is backwards, in the occipital bone [\u2026]. When the wound is on the top of the head, then the patient must be seated, with his\/her head on the knees of the surgeon.\n\u00a0\n4. A\u00ebt. XV 5,50-2 (19,15-7 Kostomiris) \u2013 VI CE\n\u1f10\u03bd \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03bf\u1f56\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff7 \u1f10\u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, \u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03b6\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9 \u1f41 \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03c7\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2, \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03c3\u03c7\u1fc6\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03c5\u03bc\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03ac\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1.\nDuring the surgical operation the patient must be placed lying on the back, for the sitting position causes quickly the patient to faint.\n\u00a0\n5. Paul.Aeg. VI 8, 1,10-1 (CMG IX 2, 51,11-2 Heiberg) \u2013 VII CE\n\u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03af\u03bd\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03ba\u03ac\u03bc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f24\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9 \u1f10\u03bc\u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f21\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f22 \u1f10\u03be \u03b5\u1f50\u03c9\u03bd\u03cd\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd \u1f10\u03ba\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c8\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f04\u03bd\u03c9 \u03b2\u03bb\u03ad\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03c4\u03bb.\nHaving placed the patient in the sitting position, either in front of us or on the left hand, we turn the upper eyelid outwards etc.\n\u00a0\n6. Id. VI, 90, 4,10-1 (CMG IX 2, 139,10-1 Heiberg)\n\u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03af\u03bd\u03c5\u03bd \u1f22 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03ba\u03ac\u03bc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f01\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b4\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ba\u03c4\u03bb.\nTherefore having placed the patient in the sitting position or in a reclining posture suitable to the wound etc.\n\u00a0\n7. Id. VI 99, 2,1-6 (CMG IX 2, 152,14-9 Heiberg)\n\u1f41 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03a3\u03c9\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u1f78\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f55\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2\u0387 \u00ab\u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03ba\u03ac\u03bc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u1f24, \u1f45\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u1f04\u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd, \u1f55\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f00\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03af\u03c0\u03c9\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd, \u03b5\u1f36\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b2\u03c1\u03cc\u03c7\u1ff3 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c7\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c1\u03c0\u1f78\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c7\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c1\u03b5\u03bc\u03ac\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2, \u1f65\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f10\u03b3\u03b3\u03ce\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03ac\u03c4\u03c4\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c7\u1fc6\u03bc\u03b1, \u03b4\u03c5\u03c3\u1f76\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u03c2, \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u1f04\u03bd\u03c9\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd, \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03cd\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bf\u1f55\u03c4\u03c9 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd\u00bb.\nSoranus so states: \u201chaving placed the patient in the sitting position or \u2013 that is better \u2013 lying on the back, since it gives less pain, then having put a lace round the wrist and suspended it from the neck in order to preserve its angular figure, we direct two assistants, the one to put his fingers above the fracture, the other below, and thus to complete the extension\u201d.\n\u00a0\n8. Id. VI 101, 1,3-6 (CMG IX 2, 156,19-22 Heiberg)\n\u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03b4\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03af\u03bd\u03c5\u03bd \u1f10\u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03ac\u03bc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c6' \u1f51\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03af\u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03b4\u03af\u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f41\u03bc\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b7\u03bd\u1fc6 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c7\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b9\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9' \u1f51\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03b1\u03b3\u03cc\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03b4\u03c5\u03c3\u1f76\u03bd \u03b4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03cd\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f70 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03ac\u03c4\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd, \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bb\u03b9\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u1ff7.\nThe patient then being seated on a higher stool, we direct him\/her to lay his\/her hand with the palm downwards on an(other) even stool, and the fractured parts being stretched by the assistant, we reshape them with two fingers, that is the thumb and the forefinger."},{"@type":"C.  COMMENTARY","@lang":"en","@value":"1. \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 and its medical sources\nThe adjective \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2, -\u03bf\u03bd is attested only in medical sources to denote the sitting position of the patient. It is mostly used in the description of several surgical operations, but also in other medical contexts. The common formula is \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 + \u1f41 \u03ba\u03ac\u03bc\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \/ \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03c7\u03c9\u03bd + \u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03c9 vel sim., such as in [2], [3], [5], [6], [7] and [8]. The adjective is also associated with the noun \u03c3\u03c7\u1fc6\u03bc\u03b1, like in [4].\nThe evidence of the papyri is particularly relevant, since the earliest extant attestations of the term are two medical texts on papyrus. The first, dating back to the II century CE, is an ophthalmic catechism, P.Aberd. 11 ([1]).[1] The word appears in the discussion on pterygium surgery immediately before the lacuna (see s.v. \u03c0\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03cd\u03b3\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd). \u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c0\u1f71\u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1, with the participle dependent from \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac, \u2018after\u2019 in temporal sense, is a likely supplement, but also \u03ba\u03ac\u03bc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 may be considered.[2] The verb \u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u03af is unparalleled in this expression, but the space is not enough for \u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1. Furthermore, the article before the adjective seems to suggest an attributive value, whereas in medical authors \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 is always in predicative position (see e.g. [2], [5], [6], [7] and [8]). The second text, P.Ryl. III 529 ([2]), of the mid- to late III century CE, is a fragment from a papyrus codex containing a surgical treatise concerned with the treatment of shoulder dislocation.[3] Some scholars have pointed out linguistic affinities between this text and the fragments of Heliodorus (I-II cent. CE),[4] but there is no certain clue to its authorship; the treatise is rather an adespoton whose unknown author reveals originality, differences in tecnique and doctrinal divergences compared to Heliodorus.[5] The adjective \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 was very plausibly restored by MARGANNE 1998, 112 and 117, while the editor princeps Roberts (see 1938, 160) simply wrote \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u0323\u03b5\u0323[. The term is mentioned in a discussion on the best and less painful position in which to place the patient before performing the reduction of his\/her dislocated shoulder (vd. infra, C 2). As to the lacuna in l.67, we could expect the first aorist active indicative of a verb of thinking\/saying (e.g. \u2018think\u2019, \u2018claim\u2019, \u2018advise\u2019) ending in \u03c9\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd (l.68). A plausible supplement is perhaps \u1f20\u03be\u03af]|\u03c9\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd (\u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u0323\u03ad\u0323[\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u1f20\u03be\u03af]|\u03c9\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03ba\u03ac\u03bc\u0323[\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1] \u03c3\u0323\u03c7\u0323\u03b7\u0323||\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd).\u00a0\u00a0\nThe other attestations of the term are found in late antique compendiasts. In Oribasius\u2019 work the word has six occurrences. As well known his encyclopaedia, the \u2018Collectiones Medicae\u2019, reflects the writings of the earlier authors and some of the passages in which the word appears are directly attributed to the Greek surgeons Heliodorus (I-II cent. CE)[6] and Antyllus (II cent. CE).[7] On the one hand, this aspect might confirm the first appearance and the medical use of \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 around at the time of P.Aberd. 11. On the other hand, it is not always easy to understand whether a compendiast who preserves an excerpt from an earlier physician has adapted the text to his own style and language, using liberties in making the extract. Anyway, Oribasius mentions the term in several contexts. In an excerpt from the \u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03b2\u03bf\u03b7\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd by Antyllus the author recommends the passive exercise (\u03b1\u1f30\u03ce\u03c1\u03b1) in the sitting position to the patient who is already free from fever (Coll. VI 23, 9,4-10,1 [CMG VI 1,1, 181,23-4 Raeder] \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b4' \u1f00\u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03ad\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd  \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03b4\u03c1\u03af\u1ff3 \u03c3\u03c7\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b1\u1f30\u03c9\u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd): this is the first attestation of the juxtaposition \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03c3\u03c7\u1fc6\u03bc\u03b1. In a chapter on the fractures of the skull (\u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u1fe5\u03c9\u03b3\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd) it is said that the patient must be seated when the wound is on the top of his head ([3]). Other times the sitting position is recommended during the reduction of dislocated joints, i.e. the thigh (\u03bc\u03b7\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2)[8] and the ankle (\u03c3\u03c6\u03c5\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd).[9] A passage, taken from the aforementioned \u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03b2\u03bf\u03b7\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd by Antyllus and concerning the most proper couch for the patient, might conceal a textual uncertainty. It is reported that a tilted couch, i.e. with the head higher than the feet, puts the patient under strain because he is like seated on a chair, even if this position is suitable for who has head pain. The text printed by Raeder (Coll. IX 14, 6,1-3 [CMG VI 1,2, 15,21-3 R.]) is \u1f21 (sc. \u03ba\u03bb\u03af\u03bd\u03b7) \u03b4' \u1f00\u03bd\u03ac\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c6\u03cc\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1 \u03ba\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae, \u1f10\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03c5\u1fd6\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03b4\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c7\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9, \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u1f74\u03bd \u03bf\u1f50\u03ba \u1f00\u03bd\u03ac\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2. The manuscript tradition is unanimous in recording \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03b4\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c7\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9,[10] but Bussemaker-Daremberg in their edition (Paris 1854, p. 310,4) make the emendation \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03b4\u03c1\u03af\u1ff3 \u03c3\u03c7\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9. In the former case the term in genitive is a noun, i.e. the neuter substantive \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd, and is referred to the material object, a small chair. This juxtaposition is unparalleled, whereas the dative of the adjective \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 + \u03c3\u03c7\u1fc6\u03bc\u03b1 has sure attestations, such as in the aformentioned passage by Antyllus on the passive exercise and in [4]. Thus, despite the consensus of the manuscripts, this aspect might lead to approve the correction made by Bussemaker and Daremberg. From a semantic viewpoint, the final meaning is similar and points to the sitting position on a seat: the form \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03b4\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c7\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9 specifies that the tilted couch \u201cis like the position of\/on a chair\u201d, while \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03b4\u03c1\u03af\u1ff3 \u03c3\u03c7\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9 suggests that the tilted couch \u201cis like the sitting position\u201d.\nIn A\u00ebtius \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 occurs six times in the context of various surgical procedures: lifting by sewing up and stitching the eyelid,[11] operations performed on the tongue,[12] on the uvula,[13] on the tonsils,[14] surgery of tumoral formations[15] and scrofulous swellings ([4]). In all the related passages is used the common formula \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 + \u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03c9+ \u1f41 \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03c7\u03c9\u03bd, except in [4], where appears the juxtaposition \u03c4\u1f78 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03c3\u03c7\u1fc6\u03bc\u03b1, \u00abthe sitting position\u00bb.\nAlso in Paulus Aegineta the term is mainly referred to the surgical position. It occurs, like in A\u00ebtius, in surgery on the tongue[16] and on the uvula.[17] In the suture of the upper eyelid due to the so called \u03b4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c7\u03af\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2, the growth of a second row of eyelashes, the patient is placed seated either in front of the surgeon or on his left hand ([5]). The sitting position is also mentioned, in alternative with the supine posture (vd. infra, C 2), in operating the fractures of the bones of the head ([6]) and of broken arms ([7]). In the last case the passage is explicitly excerpted from Soranus, but actually it is not found in any extant Soranus\u2019 work.[18] The formula appearing in Paulus\u2019 passages is always the usual, but in VI 25, 2,1-2 (CMG IX 2, 64,11-2 Heiberg) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03af\u03bd\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f04\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f21\u03bb\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u1f74\u03bd \u1f00\u03ba\u03c4\u1fd6\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2, concerning the removal of the polyp in the nose, the common \u1f41 \u03ba\u03ac\u03bc\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd (but \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03c7\u03c9\u03bd in VI 29, 1,9 [CMG IX 2, 66,23 Heiberg]) is replaced by the generic \u1f41 \u1f04\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2. In [8], part of a chapter on the fractures of the hand and its fingers, it is specified that the patient is seated on a stool (\u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03b4\u03af\u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5) that is said to be higher (\u1f51\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5) than the surface, another stool (\u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03b4\u03af\u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f41\u03bc\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u1fe6), on which he\/she lays the palm while the surgeon arranges the portions of fractured bones. The indication \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03b4\u03af\u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 makes clearer a concept that is already ideally present in the expression \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 + \u1f41 \u03ba\u03ac\u03bc\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \/ \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03c7\u03c9\u03bd + \u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03c9, and concretely reveals the object that receives the action of sitting. Finally, the occurrence of the term in a chapter on the insertion of the catheter in a male bladder might conceal an element of philological uncertainty. The text edited by Heiberg (VI 59, 1,9 [CMG IX 2, 98,10 H.]) is \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba\u03ac\u03bc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd, literally \u00abhaving placed the patient on a seat\u00bb. According to Heiberg\u2019s apparatus it seems that the only divergence in the manuscript tradition is the presence of \u03ba\u03b1\u03af following \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd in two codices of the XIV century from Paris, D (cod. Paris. Gr. 2208) and F (cod. Paris. Gr. 2292), but it might be relevant that the second hand of a codex of the X century, V (cod. Paris. Gr. suppl. 446), deleted \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2. This deletion would reflect the common expression with \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 as an adjective, whereas in the printed text \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd is a noun and is unparalleled in this formula. Furthermore, the preposition \u1f10\u03c0\u03af could be more appropriate than \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 (cf. the aforementioned \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03b4\u03af\u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 in [8]). In case the deletion of V2 is right, the adjective \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 would acquire its common predicative value, even if it is usually placed before \u1f41 \u03ba\u03ac\u03bc\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \/ \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03c7\u03c9\u03bd and not after, as it would be in this passage.\nThe fact that the adjective \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2, -\u03bf\u03bd is attested only in medical sources makes likely the hypothesis that it is a terminus technicus of the medical language, as well as the formula \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 + \u1f41 \u03ba\u03ac\u03bc\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \/ \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03c7\u03c9\u03bd + \u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03c9 and the juxtaposition \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03c3\u03c7\u1fc6\u03bc\u03b1. It is also interesting to note that \u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03c9 is the verb sometimes employed in medical context to mean \u201cto place in position upon a stool, a chair\u201d. A clear example is found in Soranus\u2019 description of the \u2018midewife\u2019s stool\u2019 (Gyn. II 3, 1,1 [CMG IV, 51,12 Ilberg]): \u03b4\u03af\u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b9\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd, \u1f35\u03bd\u03b1 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u1fc7 \u1f21 \u03c4\u03af\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1, \u00ab\u2018a midewife\u2019s stool\u2019, in order that the laboring woman may be placed in position on it\u00bb. Furthermore, \u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03c9 is frequently used for \u201cto position the patient\u201d in connection with the adjective expressing the position, such as \u1f55\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2, \u00absupine\u00bb,[19] and \u1f00\u03bd\u03ac\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2, \u00abtilted up\u00bb.[20] Among medical papyri, this is especially evident in P.Ryl. III 529r,74-6 ([2]) \u1f55\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9]|\u03bf\u03bd \u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd [\u03c0\u03ac\u03c3]|\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1, \u1f41\u03c4\u1f72 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b7\u03bd\u1fc7 and in P.Oxy. LXXIV 4972 (LDAB 119317, MP3 2354.01, SoSOL 2015 476), dating back to the II-III cent. CE, a fragmentary text organized in question-and-answer format. This papyrus contains a systematic exposition of the divisions of surgery and maybe derives from an introductory handbook on medicine in general. In ll. 3-7 are discussed the most correct positions for given operations, mentioning in particular when the patient is lying back on a sloped couch with either the head (\u1f00\u03bd\u03ac\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd) or the feet (\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd) raised higher: \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b4\u1f72] \u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c4\u0323\u1ff6[\u03bd | \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03b7]\u03b4\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f65\u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u0323 | \u1f45\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd] \u03bb\u0323\u03ad\u03b3\u03c9\u03bc\u0323\u03b5\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u03ac\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd (l. \u1f00\u03bd\u03ac\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd) \u1f22 | \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c1]\u03bf\u0323\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd (l. \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd) \u03c3\u0323\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03b9\u03bd (l. \u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd) \u03c4\u03cc\u03bd | \u03ba\u03ac\u03bc\u03bd]\u03bf\u0323\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1, \u00abthe position-based is that concerned with appropriate positions, as when we speak of positioning the patient tilted up or tilted down\u00bb (transl. D. Leith 2009b, 63).\nFinally, as to the neuter substantive \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd, the only certain medical attestation is Sor. Gyn. II 37, 5,1-4 (CMG IV, 80,21-4 Ilberg) \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u1f78\u03bd \u03b4' \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f00\u03b3\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f78 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bc\u03b9\u03b6\u03ad\u03c4\u03c9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8' \u03bf\u1f35\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f51\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03ba\u03bf\u03af\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2, \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03cd\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03b3\u03ba\u03bb\u1fd6\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03b4\u03c1\u03af\u1ff3, where \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd represents the stool on which is seated and bends forwards the woman who breastfeeds the newborn. In such a case the term has no technical value being a simple (and generic) stool. Elsewhere Soranus refers to the \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1 as an alternative of the aforementioned \u03b4\u03af\u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b9\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2, the \u2018midewife\u2019s stool\u2019, a seat with a crescent-shaped cavity of medium size and provided with a back, that is described in details as an essential part of the midewifery equipment.[21] In particular, in Gyn. II 3, 4,1-3 (CMG IV, 52,6-8 Ilberg) \u03b4\u03b5\u1fd6 \u03b4\u1f74 \u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b5\u1f36\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03af\u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u03bf\u1f37\u03bf\u03bd \u03b5\u1f30\u03c1\u03ae\u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd, \u1f22 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd \u1f14\u03bc\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd \u1f22 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f44\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd \u1f10\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03bc\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03bd, it is stated that \u00abthe stool must be such as we have said, or it must be a chair cut out in front or also in back\u00bb to allow access for the midewife and her assistant.[22] In other two medical passages previously discussed, Orib. Coll. IX 14, 6,1-3 (CMG VI 1,2, 15,21-3 Raeder) and Paul.Aeg. VI 59, 1,9 (CMG IX 2, 98,10 Heiberg), the presence of the noun \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd is puzzling, or at least dubious, the adjective being preferable in both cases, despite the manuscript and printed tradition. The neuter \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd occurs only two times in late non-medical texts. In Zonar. \u03b4 524,27 Tittmann s.v. \u03b4\u03b9\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd the term \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd is used as interpretamentum of \u03b4\u03b9\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd, a compound of \u1f14\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1 meaning a \u00abseat for two persons\u00bb (LSJ9 423 s.v., cf. also Suda \u03b4 896,1-3 Adler s.v.). So, it is probable that the gloss \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd simply represents a generic (though not recurring) word for a \u2018seat\u2019, without a more specific correlation with \u03b4\u03b9\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd. In schol. A. Th. 454h (209,7 Smith) \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03b4\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd\u0387 \u1f11\u03b4\u03ce\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f41 \u03b6\u03c5\u03b3\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b7\u03cc\u03c2 the juxtaposition \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03b4\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd appears to be the explanation of Th. 454-5 \u03c0\u03c9\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd \/ \u03b8\u2019 \u1f11\u03b4\u03c9\u03bb\u03af\u03c9\u03bd. Thus, the plural of \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u2013 as well as of \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1[23] \u2013 seems to acquire the extended semantic value of \u00abbower, abode\u00bb,[24] that is one of the meanings of the plural \u1f11\u03b4\u03ce\u03bb\u03b9\u03b1 (cf. LSJ9 478 s.v.), even though the second part of the scholium refers to the meaning of \u1f11\u03b4\u03ce\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd as \u00abrowers\u2019 benches\u00bb.[25]\n\u00a0\n2. \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 in practice: word and action\nPlacing the patient in the proper position has been an important prerequisite for surgery since ancient times. Different physical positions are required for different procedures, so it is essential to identify the correct position for any given operation, as well as its advantages and disadvantages. The\u00a0aim of selecting a particular surgical position is to allow access to the surgical site while minimizing potential risks to the patient. That surgical positioning was one of the relevant aspects relating to surgery and medical practice emerges, for example, from a passage of the Hippocratic treatise \u2018De officina medici\u2019. In Off. 2 (III 275-6 L.) \u03c4\u1f70 \u03b4' \u1f10\u03c2 \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4' \u1f30\u03b7\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bf\u03bd\u0387 \u1f41 \u1f00\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c9\u03bd\u0387 \u1f41 \u03b4\u03c1\u1ff6\u03bd\u0387 \u03bf\u1f31 \u1f51\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u0387 \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f44\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u0387 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c6\u1ff6\u03c2\u0387 \u1f45\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u0387 \u1f45\u03ba\u03c9\u03c2\u0387 \u1f45\u03c3\u03b1\u0387 \u1f45\u03ba\u03c9\u03c2\u0387 \u1f45\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c3\u1ff6\u03bc\u03b1, \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f04\u03c1\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1\u0387 \u1f41 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2\u0387 \u1f41 \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2\u0387 \u1f41 \u03c4\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2, the adverbs \u1f45\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5 and \u1f45\u03ba\u03c9\u03c2 express respectively \u00abwhere and how\u00bb and are referred to what precedes in the list, that is \u00abthe patient, the operator, the assistants, the instruments, the light\u00bb. As to the patient, \u1f45\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5 means where and \u1f45\u03ba\u03c9\u03c2 how the patient is placed, i.e. his position.[26]\nIn Greek medical sources the sitting position (\u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03c3\u03c7\u1fc6\u03bc\u03b1)[27] is sometimes explicitly rejected or preferred to other positions, especially the supine one, and it was mostly used to performe operations in the upper part of the body, as it has been shown by the analysis of the ancient medical sources (see C1). The first discussion on the most proper and less painful position in which to place the patient before an operation, the reduction of a dislocated shoulder, is in P.Ryl. III 529r,66-81 ([2]). It is described a method of reduction opposed to the procedures of other physicians or schools. It is said that others place the patient seated, while the author recommends lying him down.[28] According to the word restored in ll.70-1, \u2019\u0391\u0323\u03bb\u0323[\u03b5\u03be\u03ac\u03bd]|\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd, the so called \u2019\u0391\u03bb\u03b5\u03be\u03ac\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03c3\u03c7\u1fc6\u03bc\u03b1 is defined as \u03b4\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1\u03bb\u03b3\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd, whereas the lying down position is less painful and safer. MARGANNE 1998, 129 considers the \u2019\u0391\u03bb\u03b5\u03be\u03ac\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03c3\u03c7\u1fc6\u03bc\u03b1 as the same as the sitting position mentioned in l.67, but other scholars refers to these as to different postures.[29] Marganne\u2019s opinion seems to be more plausible since, in this case, the second statement (\u03c4\u1f78 \u2019\u0391\u0323\u03bb\u0323[\u03b5\u03be\u03ac\u03bd]|\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03c3\u03c7\u1fc6\u03bc\u03ac \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd \u03b4\u03c5[\u03c3\u03b1\u03bb]|\u03b3\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd, \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba\u03b5\u03ba\u03bb[\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad]|\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u1f00\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd) would explain the reason why the author approves the lying down position, as expressed in the previous lines (\u03bf\u1f31] | \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u0323\u03ad\u0323[\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd\u00a0 \u0323\u00a0 \u0323\u00a0 \u0323 ]|\u03c9\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03ba\u03ac\u03bc\u0323[\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1] \u03c3\u0323\u03c7\u0323\u03b7\u0323|\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd. \u1f21\u03bc\u03b5\u1fd6[\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72\u00a0 \u0323\u00a0 \u0323\u00a0 \u0323\u00a0 \u0323\u00a0 \u0323] | \u03ba\u03b5\u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u27e6\u00a0 \u0323 \u27e7\u2035 \u03bd \u2032). There is no attestation of the \u2019\u0391\u03bb\u03b5\u03be\u03ac\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03c3\u03c7\u1fc6\u03bc\u03b1 in medical literature, and Withington\u2019s suggestion (ap. ROBERTS 1938, 162) that the \u2019\u0391\u03bb\u03b5\u03be\u03ac\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03c3\u03c7\u1fc6\u03bc\u03b1 may correspond to the position on the Thessalian straightbacked chair (\u03bc\u03ad\u03b3\u03b1 \u1f15\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u0398\u03b5\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd) used for dislocations and mentioned by Hippocrates (Art. 7,36-43 [IV 92,10-94,1 L.])[30] appears unmotivated.[31] The reading \u2019\u0391\u0323\u03bb\u0323[\u03b5\u03be\u03ac\u03bd]|\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd, accepted by MARGANNE 1998, 112, was restored by ROBERTS 1938, 160, who did not understand the presence of \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u0323\u03ad\u0323[\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd in l. 67. But a collation with the digital image of the papyrus[32] has raised difficulties with the supplement \u2019\u0391\u0323\u03bb\u0323[\u03b5\u03be\u03ac\u03bd]|\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd, inasmuch the traces are incompatible with the usual shape of \u03b1 and \u03bb. At the break, indeed, part of a small horizontal trace survives, consistent with the base of an \u03b1. It is preceded by what seems the vertical and the lower diagonal of a \u03ba. Thus, given the possible sequence \u03ba\u03b1 and the ending \u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd in l.71, a likely restoration might be \u03c4\u1f78 \u03ba\u0323\u03b1\u0323[\u03b8\u03ad]|\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd, that would make more coherent the opposition \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9 \u2013 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \/ \u1f21\u03bc\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c2 \u2013 \u03ba\u03b5\u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd in ll.66-73. In such a case one might ask why the author split the word, since \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd could fit on the remaining part of l.70. The answer is obviously unknown; a scribal error which led the author to finish the word on the next line is just a hypothesis. An alternative supplement that maybe fits better the space is \u03c4\u1f78 \u03bc\u0323\u1f72\u0323[\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03b4]|\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd. Even though the sequence \u03bc\u03b5 does not seem paleographically compatible with the traces, the presence of \u03bc\u03ad\u03bd would mark the opposition expressed by the content, completing the correlative clause introduced by \u03b4\u03ad (l.72), cf. \u03bc\u03ad\u03bd in l. 67 and \u03b4\u03ad restored in l.69. Another likely supplement that seems to be more paleographically plausible might be \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b3\u0323\u1f70\u0323[\u03c1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad]|\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd interpreting the trace before the \u03b1 like the sloping vertical of a \u03b3. As to the end of l.69 before the break possible supplements might be: \u1f21\u03bc\u03b5\u1fd6[\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72  \u03bc\u1fb6\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd] | \u03ba\u03b5\u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u27e6  \u0323 \u27e7\u2035 \u03bd \u2032 or \u1f21\u03bc\u03b5\u1fd6[\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1]|\u03ba\u03b5\u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u27e6  \u0323 \u27e7\u2035 \u03bd \u2032, cf. [4] \u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03b6\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9 \u1f41 \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03c7\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2.\nIn [3], part of a chapter on the fractures of the skull, the position depends on the area of the \u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b1: when it is in the front part of the head it is recommended lying the patient on the back, but on the stomach when it is in the occipital bone, whereas the sitting position is preferred when the wound is on the top of the head. Another two passages preserved by Oribasius, both concerning the reduction of the dislocation of the femur backwards, mention the sitting position. In the first (Coll. XLIX 18, 7,2-4 [CMG VI 2,2, 29,10-2 Raeder]) the patient is placed seated but in a position rather similar to the supination, leaning towards the other hip (\u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03b6\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9 \u1f41 \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03c7\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03bd, \u03bc\u1fb6\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03ba\u1f7c\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f55\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03c3\u03c7\u1fc6\u03bc\u03b1, \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c1\u03c1\u03b5\u03c0\u1f74\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f15\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u1f30\u03c3\u03c7\u03af\u03bf\u03bd). The second passage (Coll. XLIX 34, 9,1-4 [CMG VI 2,2, 51,19-21 Raeder]) draws a more clear distinction between the sitting and lying down position: the patient must be placed neither prone nor supine, but seated and leaning towards the healthy hip (\u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f40\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u1fb6\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f54\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b7\u03bd\u1f72\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f54\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f55\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03c3\u03c7\u1fc6\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b1\u1f31\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1, \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u1f70  \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u1f61\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f51\u03b3\u03b9\u1f72\u03c2 \u1f30\u03c3\u03c7\u03af\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc\u1fb6\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd [\u03b4\u1f72] \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd).\nControindications of the sitting position are referred to by A\u00ebtius (see [4]) describing the surgery of the scrofulous swellings of the neck: the author eschews the sitting position because it causes the patient to faint.\nIn [6], concerning the operation in case of fractures of the bones of the head, Paulus Aegineta does not express a preference between the sitting and the reclining position: they are evidently regarded as equivalent for perforating the affected bone around the wound. Finally, in [7], discussing the way to set the fractures of a broken arm (vd. supra, C1), the two positions are put on the same level by the disjunctive \u1f24, but only apparently, since it is specified that it is better lying the patient on the back (\u1f45\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u1f04\u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd), for this position gives less pain (\u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f00\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03af\u03c0\u03c9\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd).\nAn in depth study of terms like \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 denoting the patient positioning allows us to approach such a concrete ascpect of surgery in antiquity. According to ancient Greek sources, the sitting position was considered suitable for a broader variety of surgical procedures than in modern times. Examples are the pterygium surgery (see [1]) and the eyelid stitching,[33] that now are performed with the patient in the supine position, while the tonsillectomy is still carried out in the sitting or semi-sitting position as already suggested by A\u00ebtius.[34] As to the shoulder relocation, the main modern techniques agree with the author of P.Ryl. III 529r,66-81 (see [2]) in placing the patient in the lying down position, sometimes prone, sometimes supine, exception being, for example, the so called \u201cSnowbird reduction method\u201d that involves the patient sat upright and straight on a fixed chair.\nCorrect patient positioning is essential still nowadays.[35] An obvius difference from antiquity is that modern positioning usually occurs after the administration of the anaesthesia. Normally adopted positions include, or are variations of, supine (face-up), prone (face-down), lithotomy (face-up, with the legs elevated and hips abducted), lateral (on the side) and seated. Like in ancient times, the supine posture is the most common surgical position and is especially used for abdominal surgery, but also, for instance, for ophthalmologic, orthopedic, thoracic, urologic and plastic operations. On the contrary, the classic sitting position,[36] belonging to the cathegory of head-elevated positions, is now used almost exclusively for specific procedures, particularly in neurosurgery for posterior craniectomies and operations on the upper cervical spine. So, although this position has a long history and has the advantage of reducuing bleeding in the operation site, its use has strongly decreased because of its potential life-threatening risks, notably venous air embolism, risk of airway obstruction and hypotension.\n\n\n[1] The text was republished in MARGANNE 1994a, 104-11. For previous editions, corrections and bibliography see MARGANNE1978, 313-20, as well as EAD. 1981, 35 and 1978, 313 nn. 3-6.\n\n\n[2] Cf. MARGANNE 1994a, 106. On the contrary, the restoration \u03b2\u03af\u03bf\u03bd proposed by Turner 1939, 13 and very probably influenced by the aforementioned passage by Soranus (Gyn. I 27, 3,4 [CMG IV, 18,2 Ilberg] \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03b2\u03af\u03bf\u03bd) makes no sense here.\n\n\n[3] The text was republished in MARGANNE 1998, 110-47. For previous editions, corrections and bibliography see ibid. p. 109 and MARGANNE 1981, 277. Cf. also MARGANNE 1983, 115-61 and 1994b, 128, as well as GHIRETTI 2010, 163-72.\n\n\n[4] Cf. Withington ap. ROBERTS 1938, 159. See also ANDORLINI 1993, 502 nr. 75.\n\n\n[5] Cf. MARGANNE 1994a, 128 and 1998, 147.\n\n\n[6] Cf. GOSSEN 1912, 41-2 s.v. [18]; KIEL 1967, 998 s.v. [8]; TOUWAIDE-HEINZE 1998, 287-8 s.v. [5].\n\n\n[7] Cf. WELLMANN 1894, 2644-5 s.v. [3] and NUTTON-REPPERT BISMARCK 1996a, 818 s.v. [2].\n\n\n[8] Cf. Coll. XLIX 18, 7,2-4 (CMG VI 2,2, 29,10-2 Raeder) \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb' \u1f22 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5, \u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03b6\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9 \u1f41 \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03c7\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03bd, \u03bc\u1fb6\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03ba\u1f7c\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f55\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03c3\u03c7\u1fc6\u03bc\u03b1, \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c1\u03c1\u03b5\u03c0\u1f74\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f15\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u1f30\u03c3\u03c7\u03af\u03bf\u03bd and ibid. 34, 9,1-4 (CMG VI 2,2, 51,19-22 Raeder) \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f40\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u1fb6\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f54\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b7\u03bd\u1f72\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f54\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f55\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03c3\u03c7\u1fc6\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b1\u1f31\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1, \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u1f70  \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u1f61\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f51\u03b3\u03b9\u1f72\u03c2 \u1f30\u03c3\u03c7\u03af\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc\u1fb6\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd [\u03b4\u1f72] \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd.\n\n\n[9] Cf. Coll. XLIX 20, 2,1-3 (CMG VI 2,2, 30,3-5 Raeder) \u03c0\u03ac\u03bb\u03b9\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03b4\u03b5\u1fd6, \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03b4\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f10\u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c3\u03ba\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u1f10\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5, \u03b2\u03c1\u03cc\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd \u1f30\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03ba\u03bd\u03ae\u03bc\u1fc3.\n\n\n[10] Cf. ThGL V 770D s.v. \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd.\n\n\n[11] Cf. VII 71,1-3 (CMG VIII 2, 320,18-20 Olivieri) \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b2\u03bb\u03b5\u03c6\u03ac\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u039b\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5. \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u1f74\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f41 \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03c7\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03b6\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f10\u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, \u03c4\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6, \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03b3\u1fc7 \u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03c1\u1fb7.\n\n\n[12] Cf. VIII 38,11-5 (CMG VIII 2, 454,30-455,4 Olivieri) \u03b4\u03b5\u1fd6 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b3\u03bb\u1ff6\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u1f04\u03bd\u03c9 \u1f61\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1ff4\u03b1\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f14\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u1f30 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u1f51\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c3\u1f76\u03bd \u03bf\u1f31 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f00\u03b3\u03ba\u03cd\u03bb\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f34\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6 \u1f00\u03b3\u03ba\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u1ff3 \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f10\u03ba\u03c4\u03ad\u03bc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1, \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03bc\u1f74 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u1f00\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u1fd6\u03b1.\n\n\n[13] Cf. VIII 44,6-10 (CMG VIII 2, 463,19-23 Olivieri) \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f41 \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03c7\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03b6\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03b3\u1f74\u03bd \u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03c1\u1f70\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1, \u1f14\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03bc\u03c5\u03b4\u03af\u1ff3 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9 \u1f10\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03ac\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c3\u03ce\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f22 \u03bc\u1fb6\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd \u1f10\u03be\u03c9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c3\u03b1 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c6\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9.\n\n\n[14] Cf. VIII 48,67-70 (CMG VIII 2, 471,13-6 Olivieri) \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03bf\u1f56\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u1fd6 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1, \u1f14\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b3\u03bb\u1ff6\u03c4\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c0\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae\u03bb\u1fc3 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f22 \u03b3\u03bb\u03c9\u03c3\u03c3\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03c7\u1ff3 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f00\u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03c1\u03af\u1ff3 \u1f22 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b4\u03b9.\n\n\n[15] Cf. XV 7,31-3 (25,24-26,2 Kostomiris) \u1f10\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u1fb3 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u1fd6 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u0387 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b5\u1f30 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f34\u03b7 \u1f41 \u1f44\u03b3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2, \u1f01\u03c0\u03bb\u1fc6 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9 \u1f21 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03af\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u1f7c\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c7\u03bf\u03b9\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9.\n\n\n[16] Cf. VI 29, 1,9-11 (CMG IX 2, 66,23-5 Heiberg) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f56\u03bd \u1f41 \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03c7\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03b6\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b3\u03bb\u1ff6\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u1f61\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1ff7\u03b1\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b9\u03b6\u03ad\u03c4\u03c9, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bc\u03bd\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9 \u1f41 \u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03ce\u03b4\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f10\u03ba\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f10\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03c1\u03c3\u03af\u03c9\u03c2.\n\n\n[17] Cf. VI 31, 2,1-4 (CMG IX 2, 68,19-22 Heiberg) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03af\u03bd\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03ba\u03ac\u03bc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f21\u03bb\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u1f74\u03bd \u1f00\u03ba\u03c4\u1fd6\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5 \u03bc\u03ad\u03b3\u03b1 \u03c7\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03ac\u03b3\u03c1\u1fb3 \u1f22 \u03bc\u03c5\u03b4\u03af\u1ff3 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f10\u03ba\u03c0\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f15\u03bb\u03be\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03cc\u03c8\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03c4\u03cc\u03bc\u1ff3 \u1f22 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff7 \u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03bb\u03af\u1ff3.\n\n\n[18] See however Sor. Fract. 19 (CMG IV, 158,1-6 Ilberg) \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03b2\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03af\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6. \u03b2\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03af\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f22 \u03bc\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u1f74 \u03b3\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1\u03b6\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03bc\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b3\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f14\u03bc\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd , \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03cd\u03c3\u03c9\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9. \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f44\u03b3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u1f43 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f10\u03be \u03bf\u1f57 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03b3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u1f74\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c8\u03cc\u03c6\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03af\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03bc\u03ae\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.\n\n\n[19] Cf. e.g. Paul.Aeg. VI 54, 1,8 (CMG IX 2, 95,9 Heiberg) \u03b4\u03b5\u1fd6 \u03c4\u03bf\u03af\u03bd\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03ba\u03ac\u03bc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f55\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd and VI 78, 2,1-2 (CMG IX 2, 121,14-5 Heiberg) \u1f51\u03c0\u03c4\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03ac\u03bc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5.\n\n\n[20] Cf. e.g. Gal. De praecogn. 13 (XIV 669,1-2 K.) \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f21\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bd\u03ac\u1fe4\u1fe5\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03ba\u03ac\u03bc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2.\n\n\n[21] Cf. Gyn. II 3 (CMG IV, 51,12-52,15 Ilberg). In the previous chapter (Gyn. II 2, 1-3 (CMG IV, 51,1 Ilberg) \u03b4\u03af\u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc\u03b1\u03b9\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1f78\u03bd \u1f22 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd, \u00aba \u2018midewife\u2019s stool\u2019 or chair\u00bb are listed among the equipment to be prepared for labor.\n\n\n[22] An interesting representation of a birthing chair is found in a childbirth scene of the II century CE from the necropolis of Isola Sacra, Ostia. It is a terracotta relief from the tomb of Scribonia Attica, midewife and wife of the surgeon M. Ulpius Amerimnus. Cf. JACKSON 1988, 98-9 and fig. 24.\n\n\n[23] Cf. especially schol. A. Th. 452-6a (208,4-5 Smith) \u1f41\u03c1\u03bc\u1fb6\u03bd \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03c9\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f11\u03b4\u03c9\u03bb\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03b4\u03c1\u1ff6\u03bd \u2013 \u03c0\u03ce\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u03b1\u1f31 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u1f30\u03ba\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u2013 \u1f10\u03ba\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b8\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f10\u03bc\u03ad and 455a (209,12 Smith) \u1f11\u03b4\u03c9\u03bb\u03af\u03c9\u03bd\u00b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03b4\u03c1\u1ff6\u03bd.\n\n\n[24] Cf. also ibid. 454i (209,9 Smith) \u03c0\u03c9\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b8' \u1f11\u03b4\u03c9\u03bb\u03af\u03c9\u03bd\u00b7 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b8\u03b1\u03bb\u03ac\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd.\n\n\n[25] Cf. e.g. Hesych. \u03b5 547 L. s.v. \u1f11\u03b4\u03ce\u03bb\u03b9\u03b1\u0387 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b5\u1f7c\u03c2 , \u1f10\u03c6' \u1f67\u03bd \u03bf\u1f31 \u1f10\u03c1\u03ad\u03c3\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 and Et.M. 316,5-6 Kallierges \u1f11\u03b4\u03ce\u03bb\u03b9\u03b1\u0387\u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03b4\u03c1\u1ff6\u03bd\u0387 \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c6' \u1f67\u03bd \u03bf\u1f31 \u1f10\u03c1\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9. However, it must be said that also \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1 has sometimes the meaning of \u00abrowers\u2019 seats\u00bb (cf. LSJ9 851 s.v.).\n\n\n[26] See comm. ad l. by Littr\u00e9 (Paris 1841) 276. Cf. also Gal. In Hipp. Off. Med. comment. I 6 (XVIIIb 668,9-670,5 K.).\n\n\n[27] A patient seated on a stool in a doctor\u2019s surgery is represented in the so called aryballos Peytel (Athens, 480-470 BCE; Louvre, CA 1989-CA 2183). It is an Attic red-figure vase (H. 8,80 cm; D. 8,60 cm) that provides a unique glimpse of a medical consultation in Ancient Greece. The doctor is seated while applying the scalpel to the right forearm of a patient in the process of bleeding. On the other side of the aryballos is depicted the waiting line of patients, among whom is the man seated on a stool. See BLIQUEZ 2014, 25 n.13.\n\n\n[28] Interesting is P.Lit.Lond. 166, col. IV,6-9 (LDAB 1085, MP3 2374), a surgical fragment of the II century CE on the reduction of the dislocated mandible, in which the author specifies that supination on a flat surface such as a bench is the common position for any kind of dislocation (\u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 | \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd | \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76\u0323 \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u1fb6\u03c2 [\u1f55]\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1|[\u03c4\u1f70] \u03b2\u03ac[\u03b8]\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f22 [\u03ba\u03b1]\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c3\u03b1\u03bd[\u03b9]\u03b4\u03ce[\u03bc\u03b1]\u03c4\u0323\u03bf\u03c2).\n\n\n[29] See LEITH 2009b, 64. Cf. also GHIRETTI 2010, 171.\n\n\n[30] Cf. also Gal. In Hipp. Artic. comment. I 22 (XVIIIa 344,1-345,8 K.).\n\n\n[31] See MARGANNE 1998, 129 n. 29: \u00abLe remarque de Withington [\u2026] est superflue. Il est vrai que ni lui, ni Roberts n\u2019avaient restitu\u00e9, \u00e0 la l. 67, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u0323\u03ad\u0323[\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd\u00bb. Cf. also EAD. 1981, 279 n. 1.\n\n\n[32] I would like to express all my gratitude to Prof. Marganne for providing me with the digital image of the papyrus from the photographic archive of the University of Li\u00e8ge. See at the address http:\/\/web.philo.ulg.ac.be\/cedopal\/.\n\n\n[33] Cf. A\u00ebt. VII 71,1-3 (CMG VIII 2, 320,18-20 Olivieri).\n\n\n[34] Cf. VIII 48,67-70 (CMG VIII 2, 471,13-6 Olivieri).\n\n\n[35] Cf. e.g. KNIGHT-MAHAJAN 2004, 160-3; ROTHROCK 2015, 155-85 with references.\n\n\n[36] Cf. e.g. PORTER-PIDGEON-CUNNINGHAM 1999, 117-28; KNIGHT-MAHAJAN 2004, 162; BELOIARTSEV-THEILEN 2011, 863-77.\n\n"},{"@type":"D.  BIBLIOGRAPHY","@lang":"en","@value":"1. Lexicon entries\nThGL V 770D s.v. \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd; LSJ9 851 s.v. \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2\n\u00a0\n2. Secondary literature \nMARGANNE 1998, 129; LEITH 2009b, 64"},{"@type":"E.  CPGM reference(s)","@lang":"en","@value":"P.Aberd. 11,10 \u2013 SoSOL 2014 20.\nP.Ryl. III 529r,57 \u2013 SoSOL 2011 467."},{"@type":"AUTHOR","@lang":"en","@value":"Isabella Bonati"}]}