{"tema_id":"162","string":"\u03b2\u03b4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd","created":"2015-10-29 13:30:09","code":null,"modified":"2015-10-29 13:54:39","notes":[{"@type":"variants","@lang":"en","@value":"Gr. \u03b2\u03b4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd, \nLat. bdellium,\nBdellium \/\u02c8d\u025bli\u0259m\/ (Hebrew bedolach), also bdellion, is a semi-transparent oleo-gum resin extracted from Commiphora wightii and from Commiphora africana trees growing in Ethiopia, Eritrea and sub-saharan Africa.\nThe aromatic gum obtained from Balsamodendrum africanum.\nCommiphora mukul, Burseraceae: \u1f04\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03b1 \u1fbf\u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u1f75. Theophr. HP IX, 1-2."},{"@type":"GENERAL DEFINITION","@lang":"en","@value":"Bdellium consists of a water-soluble gum, a resin and an essential oil. The essential oil of Commiphora africana contains predominantly \u03b1-thujene.\nBdellium consists of a water-soluble gum, a resin and an essentia \u03b1-thujene. Bdellium is used in perfumery, as incense and in Bdellium is used in perfumery, as incense and in traditional medicine.\nBdellium in appearance resembled an impure for of myrrh. It was pungent in taste, in fragrance mildly aromatic, and with a smell of balsamic resin. The gum was extracted by tapping the bark during the cold season."},{"@type":"A. LANGUAGE BETWEEN TEXT AND CONTEXT","@lang":"en","@value":"1-2. Etymology\u2013General Linguistic Section.\nDsc. I 67:  \u2013 \u03bf\u1f31 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u03ac\u03bb\u03b4\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd, \u03bf\u1f31 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03b2\u03bb\u03cc\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b9 \u2013 \u00a0\n\u03b4\u03ac\u03ba\u03c1\u03c5\u03cc\u03bd \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b4\u03ad\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f08\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6.\nThe fruit of the doum palm has been used in folk medicine to treat hypertension. In a trial, a group of patients with raised blood pressure were all given an antihypertensive drug but in half the individuals, this was supplemented with doum fruit extract. It was found that those receiving the supplement had lower systolic and diastolic pressures and lower total cholesterol, and the blood lipids and lipoproteins were changed in a such a way as to decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease."},{"@type":"B.  TESTIMONIA - A selection of representative sources","@lang":"en","@value":"Galenus, Ad Glauconem de medendi methodo libri ii (XIX p. 106): \u03bf\u1f50 \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1\u1f02\u03bd \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2\u00b7 \u1f65\u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b2\u03b4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f00\u03bc\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u1f78\u03bd \u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u1f72 \u1f21 \u03c7\u03b1\u03bb\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b7.\nGalenus Med., De simplicium medicamentorum temperamentis ac facultatibus libri xi (XI p. 728, l. 8 K\u00fchn): \u03bf\u1f37\u03bf\u03bd \u03b2\u03b4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c3\u03c4\u03cd\u03c1\u03b1\u03be \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c7\u03b1\u03bb\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03bc\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u1f78\u03bd \u03b8\u03c5\u03bc\u03af\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u03c5\u03b5\u03bb\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bb\u03ac\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76\n\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03b1\u03c1 \u03b1\u1f34\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03cc\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03b1\u03cd\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd, \u1f45\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c4' \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1\u1fe6\u03c4\u03b1.\nGalenus, De simplicium medicamentorum temperamentis ac facultatibus libri xi (XI, p. 849, line 18 K\u00fchn): \u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03b2\u03b4\u03b5\u03bb\u03bb\u03af\u03bf\u03c5. \u0392\u03b4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u1f78 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03a3\u03ba\u03c5\u03b8\u03b9\u03ba\u1f78\u03bd \u1f40\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b6\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd, \u1f43 \u03b4\u1f74 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1fe5\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03b4\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd, \u03bc\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd \u1f31\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u1ff6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2.\nPliny, in his Natural History (XII, 32: in qua bdellium laudatissimum), describes the best bdellium coming from Bactria (identified as Commiphora wightii) as a \"tree black in colour, and the size of the olive tree.\n\u1f04\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03b1 \u1fbf\u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u1f75. Theophr. HP IX, 1-2."},{"@type":"C.  COMMENTARY","@lang":"en","@value":"The fruit of the doum palm has been used in folk medicine to treat hypertension. In a trial, a group of patients with raised blood pressure were all given an antihypertensive drug but in half the individuals, this was supplemented with doum fruit extract. It was found that those receiving the supplement had lower systolic and diastolic pressures and lower total cholesterol, and the blood lipids and lipoproteins were changed in a such a way as to decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease.\nBdellium was an ingredient in the prescriptions of ancient physicians from Galen to Paul of Aegina, and in the Greater Kuphi.\nIsidore of Seville reports in his Etymologiae (XVII.viii.6) that bdellium comes from trees in India and Arabia, the Arabian variety being better as it is smooth, whitish and smells good; the Indian variety is a dirty black.\nDoum palm was considered sacred by the Ancient Egyptians, and the seed was found in many pharaoh's tombs.\nThe bdellium referred to by Dioscorides as \"the bdellium imported from Petra\" (De Materia Medica, I, 80)."},{"@type":"D.  BIBLIOGRAPHY","@lang":"en","@value":"Jehuda Feliks (2007), \"Bdellium\", Encyclopaedia Judaica 3 (2nd ed.), Thomson Gale, p. 234.\nJ. Innes Miller, Spice Trade, p. 69-71."},{"@type":"E.  CPGM reference(s)","@lang":"en","@value":"\nLa ricetta dell'Anon. Londinese. Suppl. Arist. III, 1, p. 76 Diels. Galenos 4 (2010), 1-45."},{"@type":"AUTHOR","@lang":"en","@value":"Isabella Andorlini"}]}