{"tema_id":"141","string":"\u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1","created":"2015-08-29 15:12:20","code":null,"notes":[{"@type":"variants","@lang":"en","@value":"var. \u03ba\u03cd\u03b8\u03c1\u03b1; dim. \u03c7\u03c5\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \/ \u03ba\u03c5\u03b8\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \/ \u03c7\u03c5\u03b8\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \/\u00a0\u03ba\u03c5\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd, \u03c7\u03c5\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03c2, \u03c7\u03c5\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03bd \/ \u03ba\u03c5\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03bd, \u03c7\u03c5\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03b7\nlat. \/"},{"@type":"GENERAL DEFINITION","@lang":"en","@value":"Pot ordinarily made of clay, but also of other materials, variable in size, with globular body, round bottom, large mouth and little ear-like handles. The term is widely attested in all kinds of written sources. In ancient Greek literature it chiefly occurs in comic playwrights and in medical and alchemical authors according to the primary function of the pot: its usage to cook and stew food in everyday life, as well as during to prepare therapeutic remedies and alchemical compounds in medicine and alchemy. Bronze \u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9 are often offered as votive gifts to the gods in inscriptions containing temple inventories. Moreover, especially in documentary papyri, the implement is documented as a container for the transport and the temporary storage of solid or semi-solid foodstuffs, honey and milk. "},{"@type":"A. LANGUAGE BETWEEN TEXT AND CONTEXT","@lang":"en","@value":"1. Etymology\nThe etymology of \u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 from the verb \u03c7\u03ad\u03c9, \u00abto pour\u00bb, is certain and the Byzantine writers of etymological and grammatical works were already aware of it.[1] As a matter of fact, the water was poured and heated in the \u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 and then the meat and other foodstuffs were put to boil and stew into it. Thus, the container derives its name from the practical action, expressed by the verbal root of \u03c7\u03ad\u03c9, which denotes the main function of the object. The term is so formed by the zero degree \u03c7\u1fe0- (< *ghu-) plus the feminine suffix -\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1, which often produces deverbative nouns denoting instrumenta, as well as the neuter -\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd.[2]\n\u00a0\n2. General linguistic commentary\nAttic \u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 has different graphic forms according to the dialectal areas, with variations in the position of aspirated and voiceless stops: Ion. \u03ba\u03cd\u03b8\u03c1\u03b7 (cf. Herod. fr. 12,1 Cunningham), Sicil. \u03ba\u03cd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 (cf. Greg. Cor. De dialectis 341,1-2 Schaefer), though \u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 is found in the Doric of Epich. fr. 30 K.-A. There are also some masculine forms: \u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \/ \u03ba\u03cd\u03b8\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2,[3] and \u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 in Hp. Mul. II 133,39 [VIII 284,9 L.] and in Gal. Ling. s. dict. exolet. expl. \u03c7 (XIX 155,17 K.), derived from the corresponding adjective.[4] Galen (ibid.,15-6) glosses with the interpretamentum \u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd also the paroxytonic \u03c7\u03c5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b4\u03ad\u03b1\u03bd and the proparoxytonic \u03c7\u03c5\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03b1\u03bd, unattested elsewhere.\nThe most attested form in literary and medical sources is \u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1, even if also \u03ba\u03cd\u03b8\u03c1\u03b1 counts several occurrences. On the contrary, the last one is extremely rare in the inscriptions,[5] whereas it becomes overwhelming in the papyri, especially from the I century CE.\nThe word is very productive and originates many derivatives and compounds. Among them only the following ones occur in medical texts. Some diminutive forms: \u03c7\u03c5\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd, formed by the widespread suffix -\u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd,[6] significantly attested (41 occurrences), with the graphic alternatives \u03ba\u03c5\u03b8\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd (6 occurrences), \u03c7\u03c5\u03b8\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd (3 occurrences) and \u03ba\u03c5\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd (2 occurrences); \u03c7\u03c5\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 (3 occurrences);[7] \u03c7\u03c5\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03bd (1 occurrence) and \u03ba\u03c5\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03bd (1 occurrence);[8] whereas \u03c7\u03c5\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03b7,[9] found in Fr. Alch. 30,12 (I 119,21 Halleux), i.e. P.Holm. 6,28 \u03b5\u1f30\u27e8\u03c2\u27e9 \u03c7\u03c5\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03b9\u03bd (l. \u03c7\u03c5\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03b7\u03bd), never occurs in medical writers. Neither compounds nor adjective formations (\u03c7\u03c5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u1fd6\u03bf\u03c2, \u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2, \u03c7\u03c5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c2, \u03c7\u03c5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2, \u00abof earthenware\u00bb)[10] are attested, with the only exception of \u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2[11] in the aforementioned substantivized form.\nNo trace of the word in Coptic, since nouns like \u03e3\u03b9\u03c9[12] are semantically equivalent but with no phonetic connection with it. On the contrary, the term has kept a lexical and functional continuity in modern Greek, as it indicates a ceramic or metal kitchen \u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u1fe6\u03bf\u03c2,[13] especially the pressure cooker, emblematically called \u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2, for it reduces the cooking time of food.\n\u00a0\n3. Abbreviation(s) in the papyri\n\u03c7]\u03c5\u03c4\u03c1( ): P.Oslo inv. 1657,1 (= GMP II 6). [med]\n\u03c7\u0323\u03c5\u03c4\u03c1(\u1ff6\u03bd): SB XXII 15302,657.\n \u03ba\u03cd\u03b8\u03c1(\u03b1\u03b9): PSI VII 794,5, 10, 11.\n \u03ba\u03c5\u03b8\u03c1\u03af\u03b4(\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd): O.Petr. 357,6.\n \u03c7\u03c5\u03b8\u03c1(\u1ff6\u03bd): P.Heid. V 361,21.\n\n\n[1] Cf. e.g. Choerob. in Theod. II 146,19-23 Hilgard \u03bf\u1f31 \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u1f3c\u03c9\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u1f14\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u2019 \u1f21\u03bc\u1fd6\u03bd \u03c8\u03b9\u03bb\u1f70 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ad\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u2019 \u1f21\u03bc\u1fd6\u03bd \u03b4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ad\u03b1 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c8\u03b9\u03bb\u03ac. \u1f30\u03b4\u03bf\u1f7a \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u2019 \u1f21\u03bc\u1fd6\u03bd \u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd \u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03bd (\u03b5\u1f34\u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c7\u03ad\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u1f21\u03bc\u1fb6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03be \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2) \u03ba\u03cd\u03b8\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd \u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6  \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ad\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c8\u03b9\u03bb\u1f78\u03bd   \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6  \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c8\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b4\u03b1\u03c3\u1f7a \u03c4\u1f78 , Sophr. Excerpta ex Joannis Characis commentariis in Theodosii Alexandrini canones IV 2 423,32-3 Hilgard \u1f43 \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u1f21 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u1f74 \u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c7\u03ad\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd, \u1f10\u03ba\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03ba\u03cd\u03b8\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd \u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03af and Et.M. 454,41-4 Kallierges \u03bf\u1f31 \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u1f3c\u03c9\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u1f14\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1' \u1f21\u03bc\u1fd6\u03bd \u03c8\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b1\u03c3\u1f7a \u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u0387 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c7\u03ad\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u1f21\u03bc\u1fb6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03be \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2, \u03ba\u03cd\u03b8\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd \u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd.\n\n\n[2] Cf. CHANTRAINE, FN 330-4 (especially p. 333). See also CHANTRAINE, DELG II 1255 s.v. \u03c7\u03ad\u03c9; FRISK, GEW II 1090-2 s.v. \u03c7\u03ad\u03c9; BEEKES, EDG II 1628 s.v. \u03c7\u03ad\u03c9.\n\n\n[3] Cf. LSJ9 2014 s.v. II and ThGL 1779B-1780A.\n\n\n[4] Cf. LSJ9 2014 s.v. and ThGL 1783B.\n\n\n[5] Cf. SB XVIII 13646,1 (Roman period, Hawara) and ASAtene (1941-1942) 104,22, 6 (III AD, Lemnos).\n\n\n[6] Cf. CHANTRAINE, FN 68-71. See also LSJ9 2014 s.v. and ThGL VIII 1782C-D.\n\n\n[7] Cf. CHANTRAINE, FN 341. See also LSJ9 2014 s.v. and ThGL VIII 1784A-B.\n\n\n[8] Cf. CHANTRAINE, FN 64-8.\u00a0\n\n\n[9] Cf. LSJ9 2014 s.v.\n\n\n[10] Cf. LSJ9 2014 s.vv. and ThGL VIII 1782A-B. On the suffixes -\u03b1\u1fd6\u03bf\u03c2 and -\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2, the last one often denoting materials, see CHANTRAINE, FN 46-53, on the suffix -\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 see ibid. 385-93.\n\n\n[11] Cf. LSJ9 2014 s.v. On this suffix, often denoting materials, see CHANTRAINE, FN 201-3.\n\n\n[12] Cf. CRUM, CD 549 s.v., as well as 813, and CHERIX, IGC 177 s.v.\n\n\n[13] Cf. BABINIOTIS, \u039b\u039d\u0395\u0393 1975 s.v.; DIMITRAKOS, \u039c\u039b XV 7946-7 and \u039d\u039b1459 s.v.; STAMATAKOS, \u039b\u039d\u0395\u0393 III 2938 s.v.\n\n"},{"@type":"B.  TESTIMONIA - A selection of representative sources","@lang":"en","@value":"1. Ar. Ec. 734-6 \u2013 V-IV BCE\n\u1f21 \u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1, \u03b4\u03b5\u1fe6\u03c1' \u1f14\u03be\u03b9\u03b8\u03b9\u0387 \/ \u03bd\u1f74 \u0394\u03af\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03ac \u03b3\u2019\u0387 \u03bf\u1f50\u03b4' \u1f02\u03bd \u03b5\u1f30 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c6\u03ac\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd \/ \u1f15\u03c8\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u2019 \u1f14\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03b5\u03c2 \u1fa7 \u039b\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9.\nCooking pot, come outside here. My God, you\u2019re black, as if it was you that boiled the concoction Lysicrates uses to dye his hair!\n(Transl. J. Henderson [Cambridge-London 2002] 347)\n\u00a0\n2. Hp. Mul. I 51,8-12 (VIII 110,5-9 Littr\u00e9) \u2013 V-IV BCE\n\u1f24\u03bd (scil. \u03b1\u1f31 \u03bc\u1fc6\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9) \u03c6\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03bc\u03ae\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f40\u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b7 \u1f14\u03c7\u1fc3, \u1fe5\u03cc\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c6\u03cd\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1, \u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03ac\u03bc\u03c9\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd, \u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03c3\u03af\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03c8\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff7 \u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03b1, \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c7\u03ad\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03bd\u03ad\u03c4\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c6\u03b8\u03bf\u0390\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u1f45\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u1f40\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ac\u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03c5\u03b8\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u1f78\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2, \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03af\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03bf\u03b9\u03c3\u03b9, \u03b8\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9\u1fc7\u03bd \u1f10\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f70\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ae\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2.\nIf there are inflammation and pains in the womb, take leaves of rose, cinnamon and cassia, grind together making them fine, pour oil of bitter almonds over them and make some pastilles weighing one drachma, then, heating strongly a new earthen pot, cause to sit the woman over, wrap her up with clothes and fumigate her womb.\n\u00a0\n3. Dsc. MM V 75, 14,1-15,1 (III 44,5-10 Wellmann), cf. Orib. Coll. XIII \u03c7 1,1-6 (CMG VI 1,2, 177,23-8 R.) \u2013 I CE\n\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u1f7c\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03af\u03bd\u03c5\u03bd \u03bc\u03c5\u03c1\u03c3\u03af\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c6\u03cd\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 \u03c3\u1f7a\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f04\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03bc\u03cd\u03c1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f00\u03ce\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf\u1f56\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u1f14\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u1f60\u03bc\u1f74\u03bd \u03ba\u03cd\u03b8\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u03ac\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c0\u1ff6\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u1f40\u03c0\u03b1\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f78\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03ba\u03ac\u03bc\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u1f74\u03bd \u0387 \u1f45\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f40\u03c0\u03c4\u03b7\u03b8\u1fc7 \u1f41 \u03ba\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2, \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd \u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd \u1f60\u03bc\u1f74\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03cc, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bb\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03c4\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f10\u03be\u03b5\u03bb\u1f7c\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u1fe6\u03bd\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c7\u03c1\u1ff6.\nTake the leaves of the myrtle with its blossoms and its berries while they are still unripe, throw them all in an unbaked pot, then, plastering the lid over (with clay), after having perfored it with\u00a0 many holes, put it to bake in a kiln; when the clay is baked, transfuse the content into another unfired pot and, when this is well baked, take it out also of the second one, clean and use.\n\u00a0\n4. Id. II 70, 4,1-2 (I 144,14-5 Wellmann)\n\u03c3\u03c7\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1 \u03b6\u03b5\u03bd\u03bd\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u1fc7 \u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03c1\u1fb3 \u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u1fb7 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03bb\u03ac\u03b4\u1ff3 \u03c3\u03c5\u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u1ff3 \u03bd\u03b5\u03bf\u03c4\u03bc\u03ae\u03c4\u1ff3.\nThe milk curdles when boiled in a new earthen pot and stirred with a newly cut off branch of figtree.\n\u00a0\n5. Gal. De comp. med. sec. loc. V 5 (XII 887,6-9 K.) \u2013 II CE\n\u03ba\u03cc\u03c8\u03bf\u03bd, \u1f61\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03ac\u03b6\u03b1\u03bd \u03c8\u03b1\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd, \u03b5\u1f36\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f10\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03bb\u1f7c\u03bd \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03b7\u03bb\u1ff7 \u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff7. \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c0\u1ff6\u03bc\u03b1 \u1f21\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd, \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u1fc6\u03bc\u03b1 \u1f14\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd, \u03b4\u03b9' \u03bf\u1f57 \u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9 \u1fe5\u03ac\u03b2\u03b4\u1ff3 \u1f10\u03be \u1f00\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03b9\u1fb6\u03c2 \u1f60\u03c0\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u1ff3.\nCut so that it becomes a mass more friable, then put in a new pot plastered over with clay. Close it well with a lid having a perforation in the middle and move the content with a rod smoked by charcoal inserted into the hole.\n\u00a0\n6- P.Flor. II 117r,6 (LDAB 4294, MP3 2397) \u2013 late II CE[1]\n\u03c7]\u03cd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1fe6\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd\u0323 [\nPut a pot on the fire.\n\u00a0\n7. P.Oslo inv. 1657,1 (= GMP II 6,1; LDAB 118693, MP3 2408.01) \u2013 III CE\n\u03c7]\u03c5\u03c4\u03c1( ) \u03b4\u03b9\u2019 \u03bf\u1f34\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u1fe5\u03cc\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd\u0323\n[Put \/ burn \/ cook vel sim.] in a (small) pot, using wine, of roses.\n(Transl. MARAVELA 2009, 106)\n\u00a0\n8. Orib. Coll. XI \u03b1 16,9-10 (CMG VI 1,2, 82,29-30 Raeder) \u2013 IV CE\n\u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 (scil. \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f00\u03ba\u03b1\u03ba\u03af\u03b1\u03bd) \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c5\u03ba\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2. \u03ba\u03b1\u03af\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4' \u1f10\u03bd \u1f60\u03bc\u1fc7 \u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03c1\u1fb3 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5.\nPrepare some pastilles with it, then burn in an unbaked pot together with the clay.\n\u00a0\n9. A\u00ebt. I 379,11-3 (VIII 1, 135,15-7 Olivieri) \u2013 VI CE\n\u1f21 (scil. \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03ae) \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03bf\u1f56\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd \u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03c1\u1fb3 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03b8\u03b5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7, \u03c0\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f00\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u1ff6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c4\u03c9\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b1\u03bc\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9.\nPut the grapes in a pot, cover well the pot with a lid and smear the lid with pitch so that the content does not dissipate by exhalation.\n\u00a0\n10. Id. II 96,10-1 (CMG VIII 1, 185,20-1 Olivieri) \n\u1f10\u03b3\u03c7\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd \u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bb\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c7\u03bf\u03af\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u2013 \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03ae\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u1f40\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03bb\u1fc6\u03c8\u03b9\u03bd \u2013 \u1f11\u03c8\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd.\nPour milk in a pot, except milk of sheep and of sow, because it is unfit for producing the whey, then boil.\n\u00a0\n11. Paul.Aeg. VII 11, 6,10-2 (CMG IX 2, 296,12-4 Heiberg) \u2013 VII CE \n\u03c0\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03b7\u03bb\u03ce\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u1ff6\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u1f76\u03bd \u1f22 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03c1\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c4\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c0\u1ff6\u03bc\u03b1, \u1f35\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9' \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f41 \u1f00\u03c4\u03bc\u1f78\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03ae\u03bd\u1fc3 \u03c3\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f40\u03c0\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2.\nCovering the pot with a lid and smearing it carefully with clay, perforate the lid with three or four holes, so that the steam leaking out through them indicates to you the measure of the cooking.\n\u00a0\n12. Hippiatr. Par. 1026,13-5 (\u0399I 98,13-5 Oder-Hoppe) \u2013 IX CE \n\u03ba\u03b1\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u1f74\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f20\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1 \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd\u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd.\nBurn in a new pot and secure its mouth, so that the effectiveness of the remedy does not dissipate.\n\n\n[1] Previously assigned to the I century CE, this date has been proposed by DEGNI in CAVALLO et al. 1998, 138 no. 57 on the basis of paleographic evidence.\n\n"},{"@type":"C.  COMMENTARY","@lang":"en","@value":"1. \u03c7\u1f7b\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 and its medical sources\nThe word \u03c7\u1f7b\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 counts a very large amount of occurrences in all written sources, literary as well as papyrological and inscriptional ones.[1] In literature it is mainly attested in comic authors, especially in Aristophanes (like in [1], where a \u03c6\u03ac\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd is mentioned, i.e. not a \u00abhealing remedy\u00bb, but a concoction of drugs to dye hair), and in medical writers. In medicine the pot is always used in the intermediate phase of preparation of therapeutic remedies. Rather attested already in Hippocrates and in the Corpus Hippocraticum, the term has a peak of references in Galen (more than one hundred attestations), but it occurs several times also in A\u00ebtius, Oribasius and in the Hippiatrica, whereas it has only eight occurrences in Alexander of Tralles and seventeen in Paulus of Aegina.\nIn spite of the wide presence of the term in medical literature, \u03c7\u1f7b\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 is mentioned only in two papyri which seem to belong to a medical context. P.Flor. II 117r ([6]) is a small fragment containing ten lines of text in which the words \u03c4]\u03c1\u03af\u03c7\u03b1\u03c2 (l.4) and \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03c5\u03bf\u03bc[\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03bd (l.9) probably suggest a pharmacological treatment for hair diseases.[2] The instruction \u03c7]\u03cd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1fe6\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd\u0323 is consistent with the use of the pot during the cooking of medicines. Less certain is the medical nature of GMP II 6 ([7]), since some identifiable words denoting ingredients (l.1 \u03bf\u1f34\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 and \u1fe5\u03cc\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd, l.2 \u03ba\u03c1\u03cc\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5) are found in alimentary as well as in therapeutic and cosmetic products. But the low dosages expressed in drachmas seem mostly to address to a recipe \/ prescription, perhaps for a kollyrion, for individual use.[3] The wavy abbreviation stroke after ]\u03c5\u03c4\u03c1 suggests \u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03c1(\u03b1) or a diminutive form: \u03c7\u03c5\u03c4\u03c1(\u03af\u03c2) or most likely \u03c7\u03c5\u03c4\u03c1(\u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd), as it is the most attested, whereas \u03c7\u03c5\u03c4\u03c1(\u03af\u03bf\u03bd) is too rare to be considered. On the one hand, the usage of a diminutive might seem more plausible if there is consistency between the low quantities of the ingredients and the small dimension of the container employed to prepare them. On the other hand, according to the abbreviations of the term in documentary papyri, \u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03c1( ) is usually rendered as \u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1, like in P.Heid. V 361,21, in which the fact that \u03c7\u03cd\u03b8\u03c1( ) does not correspond to a diminutive is assured by \u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 in the next line. In SB XXII 15302,657 there is no other occurrence of the word and the abbreviation is written \u03c7\u03c5\u03c4\u03c1(\u1ff6\u03bd) in the edition. Likewise, in PSI VII 794,5, 10 and 11 the three attestations of the term are rendered as \u03ba\u03cd\u03b8\u03c1(\u03b1\u03b9). The only sure abbreviation of the diminutive form is found in O.Petr. 357,6, \u03ba\u03c5\u03b8\u03c1\u03af\u03b4(\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd), where the not abbreviated portion of the word is longer than in the Oslo papyrus. As a consequence, the actual presence of a diminutive in GMP II 6,1 remains uncertain. Finally, according to the formulas commonly documented in medical texts, one can expect an imperative or participle form indicating the phase of preparation followed by \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c7]\u03cd\u03c4\u03c1(\u03b1\u03bd \/ -\u03af\u03b4\u03b1 \/ -\u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd) or \u1f10\u03bd \u03c7]\u03cd\u03c4\u03c1(\u1fb3 \/ -\u03af\u03b4\u03b9 \/-\u03b9\u03b4\u03af\u1ff3).\nMedical literature provides relevant information on several aspects in connection with the \u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1.\nMaterial and features\u00a0\u00a0 The material is often mentioned, very probably due to the attention given to the possible interference of the material itself on the drugs and the pharmacological substances contained, in phase of preparation as well as of conservation, like in the case of the \u03c0\u03c5\u03be\u03af\u03c2. The majority of the adjectives denoting a material emphasizes the earthen nature of the \u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1, i.e. \u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u1fb6[4] \/ \u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03af\u03b1[5]\u00a0 or \u1f40\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b7,[6] but it can even \u2013 not seldom \u2013 be made of bronze,[7] and sometimes of silver[8] and of stone.[9] It is also noteworthy that in an alchemical passage a glass \u03ba\u03c5\u03b8\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd is called \u1f00\u03c3\u03cd\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd,[10] \u00abmade of non-absorbent material\u00bb (LSJ9 265 s.v.), since this adjective, not attested elsewhere, stresses one of the reasons why the glass was very appreciated in Antiquity to product containers destined to medicamenta and aromata, i.e. the non-absorption of the substances in contact with it, preserving intact their properties.[11]\nAlthough the dimensions of the \u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 employed in medicine were in all likelihood rather or very small \u2013 but this is never said explicitly \u2013, its mouth could be either large or narrow, as sometimes it is defined \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2[12] and \u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2.[13]\n\u00a0Some adjectives and some attributive participles identifies a \u201cstate\u201d. The major part of these\u00a0 points out the necessity that the pot was \u201cnew\u201d or \u201cclean\u201d, especially when it was made of clay. It was frequently recommended to use new and\/or clean ceramic vessels in order to prevent the absorption of the content and the consequent alteration of other substances in case of reuse of the container. Likewise, the Latin equivalent of the \u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1, the olla, is defined nova for instance in the Compositiones by Scribonius Largus.[14] The most common qualifier is \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2, \u00abnew\u00bb (more than one hundred attestations), like in [2], [4], [5] and [12]. Other adjectives are: \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac (cf. Ps.-Gal. De remed. parab. III [XIV 512,13K.]), \u00abclean\u00bb, \u1f04\u03b8\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 (cf. Moses II 301,21 Berthelot), literally \u00abuntouched\u00bb (LSJ9 32 s.v.), i.e. \u201cnew\u201d, \u201cnever used before\u201d, as well as the participles \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \/ \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bb\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c3\u03b1,[15] \u00abwashed clean before\u00bb (LSJ9 1495 s.v.), i.e. \u201cwell cleaned\u201d before new use, and \u1f10\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7,[16] \u00abrestored\u00bb (cleaned) as if it was new, or \u00abinaugurated\u00bb, i.e. \u201cused for the first time\u201d, according to the values of \u1f10\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03af\u03b6\u03c9 (cf. LSJ9 469 s.v.).\nAlso \u1f60\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 occurs several times as a qualifier of \u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1. Its generic meaning is \u00abraw, uncooked\u00bb, and \u00abunbaked\u00bb when referred to pottery (cf. LSJ9 2033 s.v. I). The extensive analysis of the sources in which the term accompanies \u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 contributes to some clarification on the word. In some cases, it seems to designate the so called terra cruda, i.e. clay naturally dried, not fired in the kiln \u2013 in contrast with terra cotta \u2013, which has remarkable properties of cohesion and thermal insulation. For this reason, probably, some \u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f60\u03bc\u03b1\u03af \/ \u03c7\u03c5\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u1f60\u03bc\u03ac are used to keep apples in Gp. X 21,1-2 (280,4-15 Beckh). The term is referred to another container, the generic \u1f00\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bf\u03bd, in some papyri of the I century CE from the Herakleopolites concerning a shipment of grain, in the formula \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b4\u03b5\u1fd6\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c3\u03c6\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f10\u03bd \u03b3\u03b5\u1fd3\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 (l. \u03b3\u03b7\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2) \u1f60\u03bc\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f00\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2.[17] In medical context \u1f60\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 seems to be employed in a even more specific way, in the sense of clay only dried, not baked yet. This might mean the stage of the manufacture of the artifact in which the clay pottery is simply air-dried, before the firing process.[18] As a matter of fact, in several passages it is said that the \u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 \u1f60\u03bc\u03ae is put in a kiln with its medical preparations inside until its \u03ba\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 is completely baked. It is clearly illustrated by [3] and [8], where \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 highlights the sense of the contemporaneity in the process of baking.[19]\nFurthermore, the \u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 is often plastered and smeared over with clay (e.g. \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u03ac\u03c3\u03c3\u03c9, \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c6\u03c9, \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c7\u03c1\u03af\u03c9) before being baked, like in [3] and [5], and it is furnished with a lid (\u03c0\u1ff6\u03bc\u03b1, \u03c0\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03b6\u03c9) in order to avoid that the remedy loses or reduces its effectiveness (see [9] and [12]). The lid can be also perforated so that the steam leaking out through the holes indicates the measure of the cooking (see [11]).\nUse\u00a0\u00a0 The overview of the verbal indicators in connection with the word confirms the usage of the \u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 during the intermediate stage of preparation of its contents. The most common verb is \u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9, \u00abthrow, put\u00bb, in recurrent formulas with the structure \u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd \/ \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03c1\u1fb7. Also \u1f15\u03c8\u03c9, \u00abboil\u00bb[20] (\u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03c1\u1fb7 \/ \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\/ \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd), occurs several times, as well as \u03ba\u03b1\u03af\u03c9, \u00abburn\u00bb (\u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03c1\u1fb7 \/ \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd, very rare). Other more or less attested verbs are: \u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9, \u00abput\u00bb (\u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd \/ \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03c1\u1fb7), \u03c7\u03ad\u03c9, \u00abpour\u00bb (\u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd), \u1f40\u03c0\u03c4\u03ac\u03c9, \u00abbake\u00bb (\u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03c1\u1fb7 \/ \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd), \u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03b3\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9, \u00abmix\u00bb (\u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03c1\u1fb7), \u03b6\u03ad\u03c9, \u00abboil\u00bb (\u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03c1\u1fb7) and \u03c6\u03c1\u03cd\u03b3\u03c9, \u00abroast\u00bb (\u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd).\nFinally, it seems that there was no peculiar relation between the \u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 as a container and the typology of the medicaments, since in the medical sources the widest variety of therapeutic compounds was cooked and prepared in it.\nMoreover, only some medical passages mention the specific use of this pot to make milk curdle, separating the whey from the curds (cf. [4] and [10]).[21]\n\u00a0\n2. \u03c7\u1f7b\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 word and object\nThe shape of the \u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 can be identified with certainty. The type indicated by literature, which sometimes provides fairly detailed descriptions of it,[22] has correspondence with many pottery exemplars of cooking ware yielded by archaeological excavations. The typical form has globular body, undistinguished foot, wide mouth, slight neck, everted lip and either one or, more commonly, two vertical little ear-like handles. The range in size is variable, as the pot can be extremely small as well as quite large, but never very big-sized. Having a round bottom, it was usually placed on a separate stand to be put on the fire, a sort of broad earthen half cylinder with handles,[23] or a pair of rather thin standing cylinders with large base, flaring crown and curving profile called \u03c7\u03c5\u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 or \u03bb\u03ac\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1.[24]\nA dipinto inscription of the Roman period from Hawara, SB XVIII 13646, is particularly noteworthy. The dipinto is painted on the wide short slightly concave neck of an earthen container with two little handles set opposite each other. The vase and the inscription as a whole make possible to recover the connection \u2013 too often lost \u2013 between res and verbum, concretely confirming the shape of the container. Furthermore, the dimension of the inscription in itself compared to the surface of the vessel gives the idea of the small dimension of the object. The only available image of it is a drawing reproduction in PETRIE 1911, Pl. XXIV, no. 8.[25]\n\u00a0\u00a0\n\u00a0\n\u00a0\nThe text is \u1fe5\u03b7\u03c4(\u03af\u03bd\u03b1) \u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c6\u03ce\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1, \u1f21 \u03ba\u03cd\u03b8\u03c1\u03b1 \u1f41\u03bb\u03ba\u1fc6\u03c2 (\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd) \u03c1\u03bd | \u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf( ), \u00abKolophonian resin, the pot weight 150 drachmae\u00bb. In this case the pot is used for the transport and the storage of a product, as often in papyrological sources.[26] The \u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c6\u03ce\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1 \u1fe5\u03b7\u03c4\u03af\u03bd\u03b7 is a valuable resin exported from the Lydian city of Colophon which was frequently employed in the preparation of therapeutic remedies, especially soothing ones. Many mentions of it occur in the authors of materia medica, as well as in some medical papyrus, such as P.Grenf. I 52r,7 and v,9a and 10 [MP3 2396; LDAB 5432] of the III century CE, in the prescription for a malagma.[27]\nAnother dipinto contains the word \u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1. It is a cursive inscription on a Hellenistic coarse-ware pot found at Corinth (Corinth C 48-65, Deposit 110). The text, in two lines, partly obscured, has been tentatively read \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b5\u1fd6 \u1f44\u03b3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 | \u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03bd\u03ac\u03b2\u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd \u03bc\u03bd\u1fb6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ac\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1, \u00abthe capacity of this chytra (is such that) it holds 30 mnas\u2019 worth of cinnabar\u00bb.[28] The vessel was a foreign import to Corinth, so the inscription was likely put on it at the unknown place from which it was exported.[29] The content it refers to, the cinnabar, is a type of red mercury ore from which the color vermillion is obtained. As a matter of fact, spectrographic analysis of scrapings from it showed the actual presence of a mercury compound, although there was no lump of cinnabar.[30] The archaeological context where the object was found, one of the thirty-one wells (Well XIX) which supplied water to the shops of the South Stoa at Corinth, contained an impressive amount of material used in connection with pigments, such as pottery still stained on the interior with color, but also iron spikes, tacks and bronze nails. Thus, it has been supposed that it was a \u00absupply shop\u00bb, a \u00abstore where paints, nails and associated materials for house construction and decoration are on sale\u00bb.[31] The cinnabar was actually used to create a red paint for decorative purpose in ancient times, but it was also employed in medicine (cf. Plin. Nat. XXX 116,5-6 illa cinnabaris antidotis medicamentisque utilissima est) and as a cosmetic pigment by women.[32] In alternative, as a mere hypothesis, being Corinth the city of the temple of Aphrodite where the sacred prostitution was practiced, might one speculate on a possible cosmetic destination for the cinnabar of this \u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1? The images below are taken from WEINBERG 1949, Pl. 16,16 right and 16,15 (detail).\n\u00a0\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \n\u00a0\nFinally, not only the \u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9 used to store and transport aromata and medicamenta were small-sized, but very likely also the ones involved in the preparation of remedies.Many miniature chytrai have been supplied by archeological excavations. These miniatures, employed only occasionally for domestic purpose (as indicated by exemplars blackened from use), were more often associated with burials or sacrificial pyres. They otherwise served as perfume-pots.[33] Several specimina from the Athenian Agora are representative, like for instance P 24864 (H. 6 cm x Diam. 9 cm)[34], P 19845 (H. 3,7 cm x 4,8 cm)[35] and P 7429 (H. 3,1 cm x 4,3 cm).[36] Chytridia of this kind were probably suitable even in medical context, especially in case of prescriptions for individual use.\n\n\n[1] For all these aspects in detail see BONATI 2016 s.v.\n\n\n[2] To the bibliography in MARGANNE 1981, 159 no. 86 add ANDORLINI 1993, 518 no. 110 and DEGNI in CAVALLO et al. 1998, 138 no. 57.\n\n\n[3] Cf. MARAVELA 2009b, 105-9.\n\n\n[4] Cf. e.g. Dsc. MM II 70, 4,2; 76, 3,1-2 and 4,7 and 5,7 and 6,9 and 12,5 and 15,1 (I 114,15; 152,3-4 and 19-20 and 153,3 and 13 and 155,19 and 156,21 Wellmann), as well as V 87, 10,3 (III 60,6 Wellmann); Orib. Coll. XII \u03c3 45,5 and 47,4 and 48,3 (CMG VI 1,2, 145,18 and 146,7 and 15 Raeder).\n\n\n[5] Cf. e.g. Gal. De comp. med. per gen. VII 12 (XIII 917,5 K.) and Orib. Syn. III 13, 1,5-6 (CMG VI 3, 6525-6 Raeder).\n\n\n[6]Cf. Hp. Mul. I 51,11 (VIII 110,8 L.); Dsc. MM II 76, 13,3 (I 156,3 Wellmann); Gal. De comp. med. sec. loc. I 5 (XII 458,9 K.) and De ther. ad Pis. 19 (XIV 291,11-2 K.)\u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd \u1f10\u03be \u1f40\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ac\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03bd; Orib. Syn. III 3, 2,2-3 e 21, 1,2 (CMG VI 3, 61,19-29 e 72,15 Raeder); A\u00ebt. XIV 216; Hippiatr. Berol. IV 6,2 (\u0399 35,13 Oder-Hoppe).\n\n\n[7]Cf. e.g. Hp. Ulc. 12,6 (VI 412,8 L.); Dsc. MM V 76, 2,5-6 (III 45,13-4 Wellmann); Sor. Gyn. IV 14, 4,1 (CMG IV 145,4 Ilberg); Gal. De comp. med. per gen. VII 2 (XIII 879,11-2 K.) \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd \u03c7\u03b1\u03bb\u03ba\u1fc6\u03bd \u1f10\u03c1\u03c5\u03b8\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c7\u03b1\u03bb\u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6. In Hp. Ulc. 17,12 (VI 420,17 L.) a remedy can be put in alternative \u1f10\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c5\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03c7\u03ac\u03bb\u03ba\u03b5\u03bf\u03bd \u1f22 \u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd.\n\n\n[8]Cf. Sor. Gyn. IV 14, 4,1-2 (CMG IV 145,4-5 Ilberg), where it is indicated to put some aromata \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3\u03c5\u03c1\u1fb6\u03bd \u1f22 \u03c7\u03b1\u03bb\u03ba\u1fc6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03c3\u03b9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u1ff3 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03c7\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03bd.\n\n\n[9] Cf. Ps.-Gal. De remed. parab. III (XIV 553,1 K.) \u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5 \u1f10\u03bd \u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03c1\u1fb3 \u03bb\u03b9\u03b8\u03af\u03bd\u1fc3.\n\n\n[10]Cf. Afric. Cest. IX 3,1-3 (pp. 320-1 Vieillefond) ap. Olymp. Alch. II 75,17-9 Berthelot\u03c4\u1f78 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f05\u03bb\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7 \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f00\u03c1\u03c7\u03b1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u1f35\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03b8\u1fc7 \u1f41 \u1f00\u03c1\u03c3\u03ad\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f51\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd \u03ba\u03c5\u03b8\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd, \u1f45\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u1f51\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd \u03ba\u03c5\u03b8\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u00ab\u1f00\u03c3\u03cd\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u00bb \u1f08\u03c6\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f10\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03b5\u03bd.\n\n\n[11]On this topic see especially TABORELLI 1992, 309-28 and 1996, 148-56.\n\n\n[12] Cf. Gal. De comp. med. sec. loc. VIII 2 (XIII 40,17 K.) and De comp. med. per gen. VII 12 (XIII 920,14 K.).\n\n\n[13] Cf. Gal. De comp. med. sec. loc. III 1 (XII 654,11-2 K.).\n\n\n[14] Cf. Scrib. Comp. 60,6 and 12 (35,16 and 22 Sconocchia). On this aspect see TABORELLI 1996,153 and HALLEUX 1981, 34 with n. 6.\n\n\n[15] Cf. Dsc. MM II 76, 3,6 (I 152,8 Wellmann), hence Orib. Coll. XII \u03c3 45,9 (CMG VI 1,2, 145,22 Raeder); A\u00ebt. XII 53,65 (92,21 Kostomiris) \u1f10\u03bd \u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03c1\u1fb3 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u1fc7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bb\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u1fc3 \u1f31\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u1ff6\u03c2, where it is recommended that the pipkin is both new and clean.\n\n\n[16] Cf. Gal. De comp. med. sec. loc. VIII 2 (XIII 22,14-5 K.) and Orib. Coll. VIII 46, 16,3 (CMG VI 1,1, 297,11 Raeder).\n\n\n[17] Cf. BGU XVIII 1 2736,4-5 \u00abin ungebrannten irdenen Kr\u00fcgen\u00bb (87-86 BC); 2737,10-1 (86 BC), with comm. ad l. pp. 62-3; 2740,11-2 (87-86 BC ?); 2755,10-1 (78-77 BC); 2756,9-10 (78-77 BC); 2759,8-9 (I half of the I BC); P.Berl.Salmen. 17,10-1 \u00abin unbaked jars\u00bb (77 BC); SB V 8754,13-5 (77 BC).\n\n\n[18] On the pottery production in Ancient Greece and Rome, cf. respectively DIMITROVA 2008, 108-10 and PE\u00d1A 2007, 33. Cf. also COHEN et al. 2006, 4 and SPARKES 1991, 15: \u00abwhen a pot is taken from the wheel, it is heavy with water and must be set aside to dry. The pots must be left until they are in a leather-hard condition, and during this time they will shrink slightly through evaporation\u00bb.\n\n\n[19] Other particularly interesting passages are: Dsc. MM I 105, 3,1-3 (I 97,23-5 Wellmann), cf. Orib. Coll. XI \u03ba 29,5-7 (CMG VI 1,2, 112,2-4 Raeder); V 76, 1,1-6 (III 45,3-8 Wellmann), cf. Orib. Coll. XIII \u03c7 1,1-6 (CMG VI 1,2, 177,23-8 Raeder); V 118, 4,4-6 (III 88,10-2 Wellmann), cf. Orib. Coll. XIII \u03b1 5,16-8 (CMG VI 1,2, 116,16-9 Raeder).\n\n\n[20] Cf. SPARKES 1962, 129.\n\n\n[21] A connection between the \u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 and the milk appears also in some documentary papyri of the VI-VII century AD from Hermopolis, where the container is employed simply to transport and contain the milk, cf. P.Strasb. V 482,16-7; CPR IX 26,18; SB VI 9085 inv. 10650,22 and inv. 10655,30-1; SB XIV 12132,14; BGU XVII 2685,26; P.Strasb. V 488,4; P.Lond. V 1771,10; P.Oxf. 16,15.\n\n\n[22] Cf. esp. Pl. Hp.Ma. 288d,6-6,2 where, in the frame of a theoretical discussion on the nature of Beauty, is said that the perfectly formed pot is \u00absmooth\u00bb (\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b1), \u00abround\u00bb (\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03b3\u03cd\u03bb\u03b7), \u00abwell baked\u00bb (\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u1ff6\u03c2 \u1f60\u03c0\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7) and is \u00abtwo-handled\u00bb (\u03b4\u03af\u03c9\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9).\n\n\n[23] Cf. SPARKES 1962, 130.\n\n\n[24] Cf. MORRIS 1985, 393-409.\n\n\n[25] According to what is said in SB XVIII (p. 275) the deposit and the inventory number are unknown.\n\n\n[26] Cf. BONATI 2016 s.v. 1[3].\n\n\n[27] On the Kolophonian resin in medicine see GAZZA 1956, 76 and 93-4 and ANDORLINI 1981, 20-1.\n\n\n[28] Reading proposed by Mabel Lang in AMYX 1958, 212 n. 90.\n\n\n[29] Cf. EDWARDS 1975, 120 n.6.\n\n\n[30] Cf. FARNSWORTH 1951, 74.\n\n\n[31] Words of Roger Edwards in FARNSWORTH 1951, 72-3. Cf. also WEINBERG 1949, 152.\n\n\n[32] Cf. RAPP 2009, 216; ThGL IV 1572D-1573D s.v.; TLL III 107553-69 s.v. On the uses of cinnabar see e.g. Dsc. V 94, 1-3 (III 65,6-66,4 Wellmann).\n\n\n[33] On the uses of the miniature chytrai, see SPARKES-TALCOTT 1970, 186 and 224-5 with n. 2.\n\n\n[34] See http:\/\/www.agathe.gr\/id\/agora\/object\/p%2024864.\n\n\n[35] See http:\/\/www.agathe.gr\/id\/agora\/object\/p%2019845.\n\n\n[36] See http:\/\/www.agathe.gr\/id\/agora\/object\/p%207429.\n\n"},{"@type":"D.  BIBLIOGRAPHY","@lang":"en","@value":"1. Lexicon entries\nThGL VIII 1779B-1781E s.v.; LSJ9 2013-4 s.v.; SOPHOCLES, GL 1176 s.v.;\u00a0 CHANTRAINE, DELGII 1255 s.v. \u03c7\u03ad\u03c9; FRISK, GEWII 1090-2 s.v. \u03c7\u03ad\u03c9; BEEKES, EDG II 1628 s.v. \u03c7\u03ad\u03c9;BABINIOTIS, \u039b\u039d\u0395\u0393 1975 s.v.; DIMITRAKOS, \u039c\u039b XV 7946-7 e \u039d\u039b1459 s.v.; STAMATAKOS, \u039b\u039d\u0395\u0393 III 2938 s.v.; SAGLIO, DA I\/2 1140-1 s.v.; PREISIGKE, Wb II 763,27-9 s.v.\n\u00a0\n2. Secondary literature\nKOUKOUL\u00c8S 1948, 99; AMYX 1958, 211-2; SPARKES 1962, 130; SPARKES-TALCOTT 1970, 224-6; EDWARDS 1975, 120-2; BONATI 2016, 197-229\u00a0s.v."},{"@type":"E.  CPGM reference(s)","@lang":"en","@value":"P.Flor. II 117r,6\nP.Oslo inv. 1657,1 (= GMP II 6,1) = SoSOL 2014 14"},{"@type":"AUTHOR","@lang":"en","@value":"Isabella Bonati"}]}